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Friend is trying a new fad diet (Background Information (How nutrients are…
Friend is trying a new fad diet
Background Information
Three main macromolecules:
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipds
Steriods & eiosanoids
Proteins
Formed from amino acids
Nonessential amino acids = made in the body
Essential amino acids = obtained from diet
Complete protein = supplies all essential amino acids
Incomplete proteins = low in one or more essential amino acid
Vitamins
Organic molecules required for normal metabolism
Nonessential vitamins
NADH & FADH2
Cofactors the body produces and recycles as needed
Essential vitamins
Vitamin C & A
May result in deficiency if intake/absorption is impaired
Must be provided in the diet
Fat soluble vitamins
May be toxic if taken in excess
Vitamins A, D, E, & K
Dissolve in fat
Water soluble vitamins
Vitamins B&D
Dissolve in water
Minerals
Inorganic ions obtained from the diet required in daily amounts
Iron
Present in hemoglobin, binding oxygen & present in the mitochondria in electron transport chain binding electrons
Calcium
Required for formation and maintenance of skeleton & required for blood clotting and exocytosis of neurotransmitters
Sodium and potassium
Maintain resting membrane potential in excitable cells & required to generate action potential
Iodine
Needed to produce thyroid hormone
Zinc
Roles in protein synthesis & wound healing
Water
Essential nutrient for life
How nutrients are used in the body
Carbohydrates
Provides energy to the body
Lipids
Triglycerides: provides energy
Cholesterol: precursor molecule for formation of steroid hormones, bile salts, and fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins & Minerals
Required for normal metabolism
Proteins
Need in adequate amounts to replace worn out protein structures & major source of nitrogen
Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)
Dependent on a number of factors
Sex, age, body mass, physical activity, health, and pregnancy
Used for food food planning, labeling, education
Established values for nutrients set by federal agencies
Nutrients necessary for other body systems
Endocrine
Maintains insulin levels in response to increased blood glucose levels; released during absorptive state
Glucagon released in response to decreasing blood glucose levels; released during post absorptive state
Muscular
Insulin stimulates liver and muscle cells to form glycogen from glucose
Downstream Effects
Drinking raw water
unfiltered/unprocessed water can contain bacteria or other pathogens that are not beneficial to you.
Veganism
Not obtaining enough protein which is essential; if not enough protein is obtained, it can effect your muscle tissue
Not receiving enough iron from just plant based foods; can cause an iron deficiency which is essential for hemoglobin in the blood
Can cause fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and sensitivity to cold
Eating raw foods/ not cooked foods
Not getting enough essential nutrients like protein, iron, calcium, B12
Highers the risk of food poisoning as well
Takes a high dose multivitamin
Not obtaining vitamins in a natural way
Sometimes not absorbed easily throughout the body
Upstream Causes
Now a vegan
Does not eat any animal based products
Drinks "raw" water
Does not eat gluten, processed foods, or cooked foods
Takes a high dose multivitamin