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Chapter 9: Flowers & Reproduction (Flower Structure & Cross…
Chapter 9: Flowers & Reproduction
Inflorescences & Pollination
inflorescence
collective visual signal to pollinators
many flowers grouped together
control timing of initiation, maturation, opening of flowers
arrangements
determinate
indeterminate
Flower Structure & Cross Pollination
Cross Pollination
cross pollination
pollination from different individual
self pollination
pollination by flower or other flower on same plant
decreased self pollination
Stamen & Style Maturation Times
younger flowers better pollinators
pollen loves briefly
Stigma & Pollen Incompatibility
self pollination inhibited by
compatibility barriers
chem rxns between pollen & carpels
prevent growth
Monoecious & Dioecious Species
essential organs
stamens & carpels
nonessential organs
sepals & petals
imperfect flower
lack essential organs
perfect flower
has essential organs
monoecy
monoecious
staminate ON carpellate together
variation
dioecy
dioecious
life cycle
microgametophytes
megagametophytes
staminate sporophytes
carpellate sporophytes
staminate OR carpellate alone
Animal Pollinated Flowers
improved evolution
coevolution
flower became adapted for insect
insect adapted to efficient exploitation of the flower
actinomorphic / regular
radially symmetrical
zygomorphic
bilaterally symmetrical
Wind Pollinated Flowers
no petal mutations
large stigmatic surface area
growth pattern of plant pop
Ovary Position
long styles & stamen filaments
bury ovaries deep in flower
inferior ovary
epigynous
ovary above flower parts
superior ovary
hypogynous
intermediate level ovary
half-inferior
perigynous
Asexual Reproduction
#
fragmentation
self sufficient individual parts
Sexual Reproduction
The Plant Life Cycle
Sporophyte generation
DIPLOID
spores
meiosis
HAPLOID
mitosis
entire new haploid plant
gametophyte
synagamy
zygote
1 more item...
produce
gametes
mammalian
2 more items...
oogamous
2 more items...
haploid
life cycle
alternation of generations
2 generations
heteromorphic generations
complex
3 distinct plants
Flower Structure
floral apendages
Sepals
#
calyx
Stamens
#
male
2 parts
filament
anther
pollen produced
microsporocytes
meiosis
4 microspores
1 more item...
Carpels
3 main parts
stigma
catches pollen grain
style
elevates stigma
ovary
megaspores produced here
placentae
ovules
funiculus
1 more item...
nucellus
2 more items...
integument & micropyle
Petals
#
corolla
more pigments
pedicel
flower stalk
receptacle
very end of axis
complete flower
#
incomplete flower
#
Gametophytes
Microgametophyte
microspores
nucleus
develops on side of pollen grain
mitotically divide
generative cell
2 sperm cell
1 more item...
lens shape
vegetative cell
large
Megagametophyte
megaspore
haploid nuclei in single undivided cell
multinucleate megagametophyte =
embryo sac
nuclei
migrate thru cytoplasm
pulled by microtubles
7 Celled Megagametophyte
1 Central Cell
large
2 polar nuclei
3 Antipodal Cells
small
Egg Apparatus
2 Synergids
Egg
megagamete
Fertilization
Plasmogamy
fusion of protoplasts
Karyogamy
fusion of nuclei
sperms contributes only nucleus
loses protoplasm thru synergid
endosperm nucleus
triploid
Double fertilization
endosperm
nourishes development of zygote
Embryo & Seed Development
#
zygote
small cluster of cells
suspensor
pushes embryo deep into endosperm
radicle
embryonic root
epicotyl
embryonic stem
hypocotyl
root/shoot junction
seeds
albuminous
endosperm
exalbuminous
absent endosperm
mature seed
seed coat
integuments that surrounded the nucellus
Fruit Development
growth
pericarp
3 layers
mesocarp
middle layer
flesh
endocarp
innermost layer
tough pit or thin
exocarp
outer layer
skin peel
entire fruit wall
may include 1 or all
Fruit Types & Seed Dispersal
True Fruits & Accessory Fruits
true
ovarian tissue
accessory
false ; novarian tissue
simple
most common
develops from single ovary or the fused ovaries of one flower
aggregate
separate carpels one gynoecium fuse during development
multiple
individual fruits of an inflorescence fuse into one fruit
Classification of Fruit Types
dry
not eaten typically
indehiscent
dehiscent
fleshy
eaten during natural seed distribution process
heterospory
has all four types
lacks types
perianth
androecium
gynoecium
2 types
SEEDS
