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Animal Behavior and Ecology (Chapter 51 (Types of learning (Spatial (Th…
Animal Behavior and Ecology
Chapter 51
Innate Vs Learned
Innate behavior
Behavior that is developmentally fixed
Learned behavior
The modification of behavior as a result of specific experiences
Main reasons for animal behavior
Genetic basis
Studies reveal the existence of regulatory genes that control complex behaviors
Altruism
A behavior that reduces an animals individual fitness but increases the fitness of other individuals in the population
Inclusive fitness
The total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring
and by providing aid that enables other close relatives to produce offspring
How it can or can't evolve
Evolution of behavior
Behavioral variation within a species that corresponds to environmental variation may be evidence of past evolution
Communication
Pheromones
Animals use this to communicate through odors or tastes
Main types of animal behavior
Foraging
Compromise between the benefits of nutrition and the costs of obtaining food
Mating
Play a role in reproductive success
Polygamous
An individual of one sex mating with several of the other
Monogamous
One male mating with one female
Key concepts
Imprinting
The establishment of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object
Game theory
Evaluates alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends on the strategies of all involved
Types of learning
Spatial
Th establishment of memory that reflects the environments spatial structure
Associative
The ability to associate one environmental feature with another
Problem solving
The cognitive activity of devising a method to proceed from one state to another in the face of a real or apparent obstacles
Social
Learn by observing others
Cognition
One of the most complex forms
Process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement
Chapter 52
Factors that produce different enviornments
Rain shadow effect
affect the patterns of much needed rain and moisture in mountains, that in turn replenish and encourage growth to new forests and old growth forests situated in its biome.
Tilt of the earth
Coriolis effect
the effect tends to deflect moving objects to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern and is important in the formation of cyclonic weather systems.
Major terrestrial biomes
Savanna
Temperature
Warm year round averaging 24-29°C
Location
Equatorial and subequatorial regions
Dominant organisms
Large plant eating mammals such as zebras, predators such as lions, hyenas
Precipitation
30-50 cm per year
Temperate grassland
Temperature
Cold winters, about -10°C, and summers of 30°C
Location
South Africa, Hungary, Argentina, Uruguay, Russia, north america
Dominant organisms
Grazers such as bison and wild horses
Precipitation
30-100 cm, periodic drought is common
Temperate broadleaf forest
Location
Found mainly at mid-latitudes in the northern hemisphere
Precipitation
Average to 70 cm to over 200 cm
Temperature
Winters average 0°C and summers up to 35°C, hot and humid
Dominant organisms
Hibernating mammals, birds and insects
Tropical forest
Temperature
High year-round averaging 25-29°C
Location
Equatorial and subequatorial regions
Dominant organisms
5-30 million undescribed species of insects, spiders, and other arthropods
Precipitation
Constant, 200-400 cm yearly in rain forests, in dry its about 150-200 cm
Desert
Temperature
Variable seasonally and daily, max is 50° C and lowest is -30°C
Location
Occur in bands near 30° north and south latitude
Dominant organisms
Snakes, lizards, scorpions, nocturnal species
Precipitation
Low and highly variable, generally less than 30 cm per year
Tundra
Temperature
Cold winters of about -30°C summers are less than 10°C
Location
Covers areas over the arctic
Dominant organisms
Grazing musk oxen, caribou and reindeer are migratory
Precipitation
20-60 cm but may exceed 100 cm in alpine tundra
Major aquatic biomes
Lakes
Physical characteristics
Standing bodies of water, light decreases with depth creating stratification,
Chemical characteristics
Oligotrophic lakes tend to be nutrient poor and oxygen rich while eutrophic lakes are nutrient rich and oxygen depleted
Streams and rivers
Physical characteristics
Head streams are cold, clear, swift, and turbulent.
Chemical characteristics
Headwaters are rich in oxygen, organic enrichment
Coral reefs
Physical characteristics
Formed largely from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals
Chemical characteristics
Require higher oxygen levels and are excluded by high and put the freshwater nutrients
Intertidal zones
Physical characteristics
Periodically submerged and exposed by the tides
Chemical characteristics
Oxygen a nutrient levels are generally high and renewed with each turn off the tides
Wetlands
Physical characteristics
Inundated by water
Chemical characteristics
High captivity to filter dissolved nutrients and chemical pollutants
Estuaries
Physical characterisitcs
Transition area between River and sea
Chemical characteristics
Salinity varies, nutrients bound
Climate
Climate patterns
Determined by the input of solar energy and earths movements in space
Seasonality
Earth's tilted axis of rotation and its annual passage around the sun cause strong seasonal cycles
Factors
Abiotic
ex: temp, water, oxygen
Biotic
other species, limiting the distribution of a species
Sunlight
Provides energy that drives most ecosystems
Temperature
has an important effect on biological process
Water and oxygen
Affects availability in aquatic environments
Chapter 53
Factors that affect population
Density
Number of individuals per unit area or volume
Dispersion
Pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population
Clumped is the most common pattern of dispersion
A uniform is an evenly space pattern of dispersion
Models of population growth
Exponential
Growth of a population in an ideal unlimited environment
Logistic
Population growth that levels off as a population size approaches carrying capacity
Carrying capacity
Maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain
Factors that affect population growth
Density
Dependent
A death rate that increases with population density or a birth rate that falls with rising density
Independent
A birth rate or death rate that does not change with population density
Human population growth
History
Differences between countries
Ecological footprint