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OSI Model (Layer 1: Physical (WAN (Wide Area Network) (CAN (Campus Area…

- - - - Range of frequencies used to transmit information
- - - - No session will be established
        
        Sending a message that you require information. But because there is no session you might not get the required information.
      - No 3-way Handshake
      - No reliable communication
      - No sequence numbers
      - No acknowledge numbers
      - Used for (small) efficient data transfer
    - - Disconnecting
        
        The 4-way Disconnect
        
        One device send 'FIN'
        
        Device responds with 'FIN-ACK'
        
        Same device sends a 'FIN' message
        
        First device sends a 'FIN-ACK' back
        
        1 more item...
        
        TCP Reset
      - Connecting
        
        The 3-way Handshake
        
        Once IP-adress is known: Client sends a 'SYN' (synchronise) message
        
        Server changes state to 'SYN Received' and send back 'ACK'
        
        Client responds with 'ACK'
        
        Session Established
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Well Known / Registered Port Numbers
        
        Well Known: 0 - 1023
        
        Registered: 1024 - 49151
    - - Ephemeral Port (Temporary) Numbers
        
        Ephemeral: 49152 - 65535
- - - - 4 numbers
        
        0 - 255
        
        1 number = 8 bits
      - Network Portion
        
        ~Zipcode
      - Host Portion
        
        ~Street + House number
      - 32-bit value
      - Private IP Address Range
        
        10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 /8
        
        172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 /12
        
        192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 /16
      - APIPA
        
        169.254.0.0/16
        
        Automatic Private IP addressing
        
        Don't often work: AVOID
      - Localhost / loopback address
        
        127.0.0.1
        
        'There is no place like home'
    - - ~1995 to present
        
        Subnet mask will determine Host and Network portion of the address
        
        Subnet Mask
        
        In bits: all 1's = Network Portion
        
        in bits: all 0's = Host Portion
        
        CIDR Notation
        
        255.255.255.0 = /24
    - - ~1995 and prior
        
        Classes
        
        Class A
        
        0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
        
        Unicast
        
        One device to one device
        
        Supported on public internet
        
        8 bits Network - 24 bits Host
        
        Class B
        
        128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
        
        16 bits Network - 16 bits Host
        
        Class C
        
        192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
        
        24 bits Network - 8 bits Host
        
        Class D
        
        224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
        
        Multicaster
        
        One device to many devices
        
        Not supported on public internet, usable in enterprise organizations
        
        32 bits Network - 0 bits Host
        
        Class E
        
        240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255
        
        Not used, experimental address range
    - - Network Address
        
        Identifier for a group of devices
        
        "Network Prefix"
        
        All binary 0's in the HOST portion of the address
      - Broadcast Address
        
        Identifier for all devices on a network
        
        Enables you to send a message to all the devices on a network
        
        All binary 1's in the HOST portion of the address
      - Host Address
        
        Identifies unique device on a network
        
        Anything EXCEPT all binary 0's and 1's in the HOST portion of the address
    - - A subnetwerk in a netwerk
    - - In Hexadecimel
        
        128 bits (32 nibbles) (8 Hextets)
      - Network Portion
        
        64 bits
      - Interface Identifier
        
        Like IPv4 Host Portion
        
        64 bits
      - IPv6 Address Acquisition
        
        SLAAC (Sateless Address Auto Configuration)
        
        Automatically configures itself
        
        Windows
        
        Modified EUI 64
        
        Unix/Lunix/Mac
        
        IPv6 DHCP
  - - - Sends a 'Ping'
      - Header
        
        Source IP Address
        
        Destination IP Address
        
        TTL (Time To Live)
        
        Other
        
        Frame
        
        Destination MAC Address
        
        Source MAC Address
        
        Layer 3 Protocol
      - If MAC Address is unknown
        
        ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
        
        Layer 2 protocol
        
        Sends out broadcast message for the MAC Address corresponding with an IP Address
        
        Devices maintain an ARP Cache (Table)
        
        ARP Cache will age out entries
        
        ARP Table is NOT the MAC Address Table
    - - RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
        
        Distance Vector
      - EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
        
        Distance Vector
      - OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
        
        Link State
      - BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
        
        Primary routing protocol on the internet
        
        Hybrid
- - - - Software
        
        Client
        
        Webbrowser
        
        Server
        
        Webserver
        
        Apache
        
        IIS
        
        NGINX
      - Ports
        
        HTTP(80) - TCP
        
        HTTPS(443) - TCP
    - - TFTP: Trivial File Transfer Protocol
        
        Meant for sending tiny files between two devices, without authentication
      - Transfer files from one client to the other
        
        Requires Authentication
      - Ports
        
        FTP(20, 21) - TCP
        
        sFTP(22) - TCP
        
        TFTP(69) - UDP
        
        SMB: Server Message Block (445) - TCP
    - - POP3
        
        Ports: 110/995 - TCP
      - IMAP
        
        Used by client to retrieve mail from a server
        
        Ports: 143/993 - TCP
      - SMTP
        
        Used to sent mail to a server
        
        Ports: 25/465 - TCP
    - - LDAP(s) Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
        
        Ports: LDAP (389) - TCP/UDP LDAPs (636) - TCP
    - - Assigns IP adresses to everything that is connected
        
        Port: 68,69 - UDP
    - - Allows us to use simple names to connect to devices on the internet
        
        Port: 53 - TCP/UDP
    - - A server which configures all devices on the network to have the same time
        
        UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)
        
        Port: 123 - UDP
    - - Telnet
        
        Clear Text
        
        Port: 23 - TCP
      - Secure Shell (SSH)
        
        Encrypted
        
        Port: 22 - TCP
      - SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
        
        Allows insight in performance of devices on the network
        
        Port: 161 - TCP/UDP
      - RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol)
        
        Port: 3389 - TCP
    - - H.323
        
        Port: 1720 - TCP/UDP
        
        Used for: Video Conferencing
      - SIP
        
        Ports: 5060, 5061 - TCP/UDP
        
        Used for: VOIP
- - - - Are used to connect all devices in a network together
      - STP (Spanning Tree Protocol)
        
        Enterprise switches figure out which ports are redundant and shut these ports down. This prevents Broadcast Storm
      - VLANS
        
        Allows you to isolate traffic within a network
    - - Carrier Sense Multiple Acces with Collision Detection
      - Collision Domain
        
        A group of networked devices that will simultaneously detect a voltage spike
    - - Half Duplex
        
        One device communicates at a time
        
        "Walkie Talkie"
      - Full Duplex
        
        Two devices communicate at the same time
        
        "Telephone"
        
        Collisions are not possible
    - - The mechanism to move data from one device to another
        
        Destionation MAC address
        
        48 bits
        
        Source MAC Address
        
        48 bits
        
        Type
        
        16 bits
        
        Data (Packet)
        
        MAX 1500 bytes
        
        FCS
        
        32 bits
      - A chunk of data, with a data link layer header
    - - Bus
        
        A single wire where we run our devices off of
      - Ring
        
        Like a bus but circular
      - Star
        
        Connects devices through a hub or a switch
        
        Ethernet switching prevents collisions
        
        Broadcast Domain
        
        Group of networked devices which will receive a layer 2 broadcast message