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China's electricity supply (Impacts of energy supply (Social…
China's electricity supply
Impacts of energy supply
Social
Factories are positioned near rivers for water+waste. Rivers are thus contaminated-
An estimated 300 million Chinese drink polluted water
Rivers are the main source for farming; destroys soil. Self-subsistence Farmers heavily dependent on river.
Health impacts have led to many families having debts from medical bills due to health issues
Indoor air pollution is responsible for 420,000 premature deaths per year, mainly from burning solid fuels at home
Outdoor air pollution is responsible for 300,000 premature deaths per year
Environmental
Regional
Acid rain caused by nitrous oxide and sulphur dioxide
Around 40% of China now suffers from acid rain, mainly in the areas south of the Yangtze river (high industrial activity). Chinese agricultural production is estimated to be 5%-10% lower because of this
Local
Particulate levels pose a threat on health levels
Mainly due to heavy reliance on coal and unconventional biomass energy production methods. These emit a lot of noxious gases which have severe repercussions on the body.
Less than 30 percent of Chinese cities meet the WHO
standards in terms of air quality
Global
Global warming due to carbon emissions
Increased greenhouse emissions and CO2 particulates, mainly from combustion of coal. This will impact health, agriculture, forest, water resources, coastal areas, species and natural areas
By 2030, China is expected to have 66% higher emissions than that of the U.S. (The second largest emmiter)
Economic
Pollution is estimated to limit China's GDP by around 3-6%
High pollution levels particularly affect the agricultural sector, through acid rain and pollution of rivers
Healthcare now accounts for around 10% of China's GDP spending- in large part to cover the impacts of pollution
China's GDP has also suffered significantly from decreased worker productivity, which largely stems from physical and mental health impacts of pollution
THREE GORGES DAM
Negative Effects
SOCIAL
80,000 homeless
1.3 million people had to relocate
People had to settle higher up in the mountainous areas (800 metres above sea level) - This meant it was colder and harder to farm - causing food shortages
Destroys temples, burial grounds and other historic sites
150 towns were flooded & 4500 villages
ENVIRONMENTAL
Landscape will forever change
Increase pressure on land - Landslides can be triggered
'Lake Effect' (NASA) - Decreasing rainfall around the dam but increasing in the mountains
Increase rainfall in mountains washes debris and rubbish into reservoir blocking it
Reduces river levels (DROUGHT)
Flooding large areas of forests releases high levels of methane
Kills fish - Food Shortages
Increase Green House effect
Increase pH of water (acidity increase)
Pollution
Weight of water behind dam could trigger earthquakes (the dam is engineered to withstand a 7.0 magnitude earthquake)
Wildlife and plants endangered
ECONOMIC
Will divert money from other projects - Three gorges dam is one of the most expensive projects in the world
Benefits
environmental
RENEWABLE
reduces dependency on fossil fuels
reduces seasonal flooding
economic
leads as example
Brings 10,000 tonne ocean vessels in land - 2000km up to Chongquing
latin-american countries interested in hydropower
tourism- increasing income area
produces 12.5% of chinas
stable source of energy
improves the navaigability of the river
social
protects 15 million people from flooding downstream
sevice jobs created
protects farmland from floods
60 000 people were employed in the construction of the dam
provides 5 trillion gallons of water for urban areas and for agriculture
Background Info
located on the yangtze river
it is the largest hydroelectric dam in the world
it is 2335 metres long and has a maximum height of 185
has 32 turbines
produces 12.5% of chinas toatal energy supply
the project cost $24 billion
took 15 years to build
China and non renewables
China and oil
4th largest producer of oil in the world
China imported a record 6.7m barrels a day (b/d) of oil in
2015
China has one of the world's largest strategic oil reserves
storage space is 5.2 million cubic meters
By 2004
China was investing in its first national oil reserve base to avoid foreign dependence
In 2004
, China had to import 100 million tons of crude oil to supply its energy demand, more than half of which came from the Middle East. China is attempting to secure its future oil share and establish deals with other countries. Chinese President Hu Jintao has proposed to build a pipeline from Russian oil fields to support China's markets as well as other billion-dollar arrangements with Russia, Central Asia, and Burma, and diversify its energy sector by seeking imports from other regions of the world and by starting alternative energy programs such as nuclear.
In 2004
CNOOC signed a deal to extract a million barrels of oil a day in Indonesia as well as other projects with Australia
:fire:
:explode:
:red_flag:
:tada:
In 2017, China imported 7.5 percent of its crude oil from Iran, just behind Oman at 7.7 percent and Iraq at 8.6 percent
China and coal
From 1990 to 2018, China increased its coal consumption from 0.99 billion tons to 4.64 billion tons. In 2018, coal made up 59 percent of China’s energy use. Since 2011, China has consumed more coal than the rest of the world combined
80.6 percent of China’s emissions came from coal in 2017, compared to 70 percent in India, 28 percent in the United States, and 29 percent in the European Union
largest producer and consumer of coal in the world
CHINA
Where virus started
China and renewables
China is the largest producer in solar energy (63% in world) and the largest producer in wind turbines. It has the largest wind resources in the world.
Hydroelectricity is the largest renewable energy source and the second overall, after coal, in China.
As innovation and the renewable manufacturing industry have both increased, this has caused the costs of renewable energy technologies to drop dramatically.
45% of global investment in renewable energy sources came from China (US$126.6 billion).
China's renewable sector is growing faster than its fossil fuels and nuclear power capacity. However, only 26% of electricity came from renewable sources in 2017.
China is the leading country in electricity production from renewable source.
China sees renewable sources as a source of 'energy security' and to help reduce carbon emissions.
China's geothermal energy is not being as efficient as it could be. There are 181 geothermal systems, with a potential of 1740 MW.
But, only 7 plants with a total capacity of 32 MW have been built.
Scale
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China#Renewable_electricity_overview
. This is the diagram for renewable energy in China
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2799473/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276425314_Dilemmas_for_China_Energy_Economy_and_Environment
