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Explain how economic developments from 1450 to 1750 affected social…

- - - - saw the end of a wave of plagues
        
        conclusion of the hundred years war between france and england
        
        invention of the gutenberg printing press caused an increase in literacy
        
        counttries in europe became hegemonic powers as wealthy nations launched explorations inorder to establish colonies
  - - - boasting a large bureaucracy,corruption,many reforms such as the cluniac reform(many unsuccessful)
        
        theological disagreements
        
        john wycliffe and the lollards argued that priests were unnecessary for salvation
        
        the hussities seen as heretics
    - - church power decreased
        
        relocation of papacy in france
        
        captivity gave french rulers greater influence over the church
        
        conficated wealthy cathollic monsteries
        
        suffered as it failed to stop the black death
    - - fight of german lutheran schmalkadic league resuled in the peace of augsburg
      - henry IV became the first bourbon on the french throne and remportatily granted religous tolerance
        
        edict of nantes
      - thirty years war
        
        culminated the peace of westphalia
        
        alloewed each area of HRE to decide on the three religion options
        
        led to economic catastrophe: troops fought for compensation, disease and hunger,depopulating.
  - - - bureaucracies increased and the power of the middle class grew at the expense of lords and churches
        
        led to absolute sovereignty
        
        the true law of free monarchy and divine right of the monarhcy
    - - puritan revolution(stuart monarchy vs parliament)
        
        over the power parliament should have in relation to the monarch
        
        magna carta and the petition of right
        
        restated the propsition that monarch could not levy taxes with consent
        
        glorious revolution
        
        william and mary signed the english bill of rights assured individual civil liberties
    - - designed to sell as many goods to other countires inorder to maximize the amount of gold and silver
        
        mercantilism: heavy governmen tinvolvment in the economy
        
        accumulation of capital produce more wealth in western europe grew as entrepreneurs entered long-distance markets
        
        adam smith challenged mercantilist belief promoting the laiez faire meaning less governemnt involvement in economy
        
        commercial revolution the transformation of commerce from local to large scale internation tade using gold and silver
        
        four factors: development of europeanoverseas colonies, opening of new ocean trade routes,popilation growth and inflation
        
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- - - - empires had gold and silver that made exploration ,cconquest and settlement profitable
        
        enslavement of native americans and africans
        
        inorder to grow sugar,tobacco and other valuable crops
        
        overpowered by superior weapons and disease
        
        damaged entire native socieies and culture
    - - inventions made it possible fore europeans to venture farther
    - - white mans brden
  - - - disease killed more than half of the population
      - columbina exchange
        
        new crops and livestock were shared in both directions
        
        potatoes caused a tremendous population rgowth in europe
        
        people also became apart of the exchange:slaves
  - - - encomienderos compelled indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter
        
        usage of mercury to separate silver allowed for silver mining to grow quicker
        
        many cities became thriving centers of silver mining
        
        need for labor caused the spanish authories to transform the mit'a system into labor system
        
        european powers adopted mercantilism
        
        SIlver ended up in china. china started using it as its main form of currency
      - portuguese focused on agriculutue for sugar
        
        increased number of african captured and sold via transatlantic skave trade
  - - - the groups gave gold inorder for their peace but the european had still conquered via germs or guns
    - - political structures replaced by eurpoean colonial administrations
- - - - conquered and the songhay was absorbed into the mali empire
        
        gained independence
        
        sunni ali became ruler and began to expand into territoy on both sides of the niger river
        
        repressive policies
  - - - local african rulers traded slaves in exchange for gunpowder and cannons
        
        gave their govenrment a military advantage over neighboring villages
        
        city states grew wealthy by selling their own africans
        
        slaves were a symvol of power and wealth prior to the europeans.
        
        african leaders realized their kingdom could economically benefit from invading neighboring societies for slaves to sell
        
        barracoons: pens where captive africans were taken and held
        
        kingdoms became economically dependent on goods from europe
- - - - societies tende to be militaristic
        
        the empires did not modernize while the other European powers did causing the real
        
        social system built around a warrior aristocracy
        
        power and presitige assumed by the janissaries
        
        harem politics
  - - - took advantage of power vacuums left by breakup of mongol
        
        relied on military
        
        initial success were a result of their own military
  - - - firmly stablished the empire's capital after capturing Constantinople
        
        christian boys were subjects of the empires recruited by force to serve
        
        afte converting to islam they were taught many skills
        
        janissaries
  - - - had trade agreements with European powers
    - - local officials and tax collectors became corrupt
- - - - able to exchange goods and services with other cultures farther east adnwest
        
        expanision into siberia resulted in a robust fur trade also took from america
  - - - known as Ivan the terrible
        
        crowned tsar in 1547
        
        set about to expand the russian border ast
        
        relied on the use of gunpowder
        
        st.Basil's cathedral: tsar and church were united
        
        used cossacks(fierce peasant warriors) to fight the lcoal tribes and siberian khan
        
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        used paramilitary forc to control the boyars at home
        
        later becomes russiaan secret police
    - - anarchy
        
        national assembly called the zemsky sobor
        
        initated the romanov dynasty as they chose michael romanov
        
        pushed boarder back to mongolia and signed a tready with china to confirm their boarder
    - - got forign help to build russian militarya nd naval power
        
        used to seize lands on the baltic sea
        
        gave them a warm water port
        
        mimic the atristcracy in the western europe
        
        esatblished new induries owned by states
        
        promoted men based on merit
        
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    - - legitimized power through union with the church
        
        won support of boyars
        
        russo-turkish wars she gained the northern shore of the black sea
        
        esatblishment of schools for girls and smallpox incoulations
        
        countinued the westernization of russia
        
        slavophilism
  - - - onbles were harsh on serfs
        
        benefitted the government as they were kept under control
- - - - shoguns ruled in the emperors name
        
        daimyo caused conflict as they each had their own army of samurai
        
        ambition to conquer territory
        
        gunpowder weapons allowed saimyo to unify kapan
        
        forced other daimyo to submit
      - tokugawa shogunate
        
        reorganized the governance of japan in order to centralize control
        
        japan was very divide with each daimyo with his own army
      - civil war ends and the samuri decline
        
        social pyramid
        
        daimyo,samurai,ronin,peasants,farmers, and lastly merchants
        
        merhcants became wealthier than the daimyo
        
        silk and silver flourished providing a important role in trade
        
        foreigners were expelled from the country nad foreign books were prohibited
  - - - economy of china grew
      - wanted to return to beliefs and customs of china's past erase mongol influence
      - expanded the land of china by conquering territories
      - voyage of zhend he
        
        purpose: display the might of the ming dynasty to the rest of the world and receive ribute
        
        won prestige for chinese government and opened up new markets for chiense goods
        
        they returned with exotic treasures
        
        zhu gaozhi
        
        stopped the travels and decouraged travel out of china
        
        many chinese people motivated to immigrate to the ports
        
        went against confucianism
    - - peasant revolt caused by famine
        
        allowed the ming to oust li zicheng and declare the qing dynasty
      - ethnically and culturally distinctive people
        
        culuturally dominate
      - provided stability and expansion
        
        imposed a protectorate over tibet
      - sold limited trading privleges to the eu powers
      - proto-industrial society
        
        population increase caused a land shortage
- - - - authored the institutes of chstian religon and helped reform the religious community in switzerland
        
        the elect ran the community based on plain things
        
        inspired others in diffrent cities
  - - - set hiself as the head of the new church of england or anglican church inored to be free of the control of pope in rome
- - - - him and his followers became known as protestants
        
        established seperate church called the lutheran church
        
        social impacts
        
        taught women could have direct access to god
        
        theological revolution
- - - - society of jesus and the council of trent