Explain how economic developments from 1450 to 1750 affected social structures over time.

western Europe

the Americas

Africa

middle east

Russia

East Asia

1400s

constantinople fell to the turks and the ottoman empire became a major power

saw the end of a wave of plagues

conclusion of the hundred years war between france and england

invention of the gutenberg printing press caused an increase in literacy

counttries in europe became hegemonic powers as wealthy nations launched explorations inorder to establish colonies

Christianity

the roman catholic church

boasting a large bureaucracy,corruption,many reforms such as the cluniac reform(many unsuccessful)

theological disagreements

john wycliffe and the lollards argued that priests were unnecessary for salvation

the hussities seen as heretics

babylonian captivity

church power decreased

relocation of papacy in france

captivity gave french rulers greater influence over the church

conficated wealthy cathollic monsteries

suffered as it failed to stop the black death

lutheranism

martin luther

95 theses to church leader in which he objected to the sale of indulgences(get out of jail card but heaven)

indulgences allowed the church to have economic and politcal gain

him and his followers became known as protestants

established seperate church called the lutheran church

social impacts

taught women could have direct access to god

theological revolution

seperation from the church

calvinism

john calvin, french theologian

authored the institutes of chstian religon and helped reform the religious community in switzerland

the elect ran the community based on plain things

inspired others in diffrent cities

anglicanism

henry

set hiself as the head of the new church of england or anglican church inored to be free of the control of pope in rome

counter reformation

fight against the protestant attacks

usage of the inquisition(punishers of nonbelivers)

society of jesus and the council of trent

wars of religion

fight of german lutheran schmalkadic league resuled in the peace of augsburg

henry IV became the first bourbon on the french throne and remportatily granted religous tolerance

edict of nantes

thirty years war

culminated the peace of westphalia

alloewed each area of HRE to decide on the three religion options

led to economic catastrophe: troops fought for compensation, disease and hunger,depopulating.

politcally

new monarchies developed in eurpoes as a result of the desire to centralize power by controlling taxes,army and many aspects of religion

bureaucracies increased and the power of the middle class grew at the expense of lords and churches

led to absolute sovereignty

the true law of free monarchy and divine right of the monarhcy

war

puritan revolution(stuart monarchy vs parliament)

over the power parliament should have in relation to the monarch

magna carta and the petition of right

restated the propsition that monarch could not levy taxes with consent

glorious revolution

william and mary signed the english bill of rights assured individual civil liberties

wealth measured in gold and silver a country accumulated

designed to sell as many goods to other countires inorder to maximize the amount of gold and silver

mercantilism: heavy governmen tinvolvment in the economy

accumulation of capital produce more wealth in western europe grew as entrepreneurs entered long-distance markets

adam smith challenged mercantilist belief promoting the laiez faire meaning less governemnt involvement in economy

commercial revolution the transformation of commerce from local to large scale internation tade using gold and silver

four factors: development of europeanoverseas colonies, opening of new ocean trade routes,popilation growth and inflation

economy countinued

europes in the indian ocean trade

established maritime empires ones based on sea travel

new tech aided euro seafared in their ecpolarations( compasses, cartography,ships, new types of rudders and inroduction of gun powder).

poruguese in africa. they seeked a way to african gold and all water routes to the east as well as importation of slaves. tooks ports in india

first to circumnavigate the globe.spain annexed philippines. manila became a Spanish commerical center after spaanish campaign to conquer. attracted chinese merchants as well as effected the filipino culture

trading post empires

planned to build a fort, later goes in land india and intervens with the economy and politics. indian procucts flowed thouhg the trading posts. paved a way for globalization.

the counties were either absolutist contorl or contitutionalism.

European interest

new route to asian and gold,silver and other valuable resources

empires had gold and silver that made exploration ,cconquest and settlement profitable

enslavement of native americans and africans

inorder to grow sugar,tobacco and other valuable crops

overpowered by superior weapons and disease

damaged entire native socieies and culture

italian cities controlled ports that had acces to asian trade which they controlled prices of asian imports

inventions made it possible fore europeans to venture farther

christian duty to convert

white mans brden

demographic and envoromental changes

americas had no exposure to teh germs and diseases of that region

disease killed more than half of the population

columbina exchange

new crops and livestock were shared in both directions

potatoes caused a tremendous population rgowth in europe

people also became apart of the exchange:slaves

economic

motivated by profit

encomienderos compelled indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter

usage of mercury to separate silver allowed for silver mining to grow quicker

many cities became thriving centers of silver mining

need for labor caused the spanish authories to transform the mit'a system into labor system

european powers adopted mercantilism

SIlver ended up in china. china started using it as its main form of currency

portuguese focused on agriculutue for sugar

increased number of african captured and sold via transatlantic skave trade

political changes

exploited the division among the indenous groups to conquer

the groups gave gold inorder for their peace but the european had still conquered via germs or guns

treaty of tordesillas: spain and portugal divide the americas between them

political structures replaced by eurpoean colonial administrations

songhay Empire

main ethnic group in and around the city of gao

conquered and the songhay was absorbed into the mali empire

gained independence

sunni ali became ruler and began to expand into territoy on both sides of the niger river

repressive policies

arrival of the europeans

set up trading posts along the coast

local african rulers traded slaves in exchange for gunpowder and cannons

gave their govenrment a military advantage over neighboring villages

city states grew wealthy by selling their own africans

slaves were a symvol of power and wealth prior to the europeans.

african leaders realized their kingdom could economically benefit from invading neighboring societies for slaves to sell

barracoons: pens where captive africans were taken and held

kingdoms became economically dependent on goods from europe

religion

established the russian orthodox church as a means to. unite the peopole behind their leadership claiming divine right

russians gained welath and power as tax collectors for hte mongols

later on they become autonomous

location

pivotal position

able to exchange goods and services with other cultures farther east adnwest

expanision into siberia resulted in a robust fur trade also took from america

politically

ivan Iv

known as Ivan the terrible

crowned tsar in 1547

set about to expand the russian border ast

relied on the use of gunpowder

st.Basil's cathedral: tsar and church were united

used cossacks(fierce peasant warriors) to fight the lcoal tribes and siberian khan

gained acces to the volga river allowing them to trade dicrectl with persia and the ottoman empire

used paramilitary forc to control the boyars at home

later becomes russiaan secret police

time of troubles

anarchy

national assembly called the zemsky sobor

initated the romanov dynasty as they chose michael romanov

pushed boarder back to mongolia and signed a tready with china to confirm their boarder

peter the great

got forign help to build russian militarya nd naval power

used to seize lands on the baltic sea

gave them a warm water port

mimic the atristcracy in the western europe

esatblished new induries owned by states

promoted men based on merit

reorganized the russian government by creating provinces

less corruption by giving them salary

creation of the senate

catherine the great

legitimized power through union with the church

won support of boyars

russo-turkish wars she gained the northern shore of the black sea

esatblishment of schools for girls and smallpox incoulations

countinued the westernization of russia

slavophilism

Serfdom

war weakened the central gov and inceased the power of the noble.

onbles were harsh on serfs

benefitted the government as they were kept under control

Korea

Japan

China

Ming Dynasty

economy of china grew

wanted to return to beliefs and customs of china's past erase mongol influence

expanded the land of china by conquering territories

voyage of zhend he

purpose: display the might of the ming dynasty to the rest of the world and receive ribute

won prestige for chinese government and opened up new markets for chiense goods

they returned with exotic treasures

many chinese people motivated to immigrate to the ports

went against confucianism

zhu gaozhi

stopped the travels and decouraged travel out of china

qing dynasty

peasant revolt caused by famine

allowed the ming to oust li zicheng and declare the qing dynasty

ethnically and culturally distinctive people

culuturally dominate

provided stability and expansion

imposed a protectorate over tibet

sold limited trading privleges to the eu powers

proto-industrial society

population increase caused a land shortage

politally

shoguns ruled in the emperors name

daimyo caused conflict as they each had their own army of samurai

ambition to conquer territory

gunpowder weapons allowed saimyo to unify kapan

forced other daimyo to submit

tokugawa shogunate

reorganized the governance of japan in order to centralize control

japan was very divide with each daimyo with his own army

civil war ends and the samuri decline

social pyramid

daimyo,samurai,ronin,peasants,farmers, and lastly merchants

merhcants became wealthier than the daimyo

silk and silver flourished providing a important role in trade

foreigners were expelled from the country nad foreign books were prohibited

weakened by war

isolated form the rest of the world

gunpowder empire

empires that relied on firearms to conquer and control their territories

societies tende to be militaristic

the empires did not modernize while the other European powers did causing the real

traits the empires shared

nomadic turkic backgrounds, spoke forms of the turkic family of languages

took advantage of power vacuums left by breakup of mongol

relied on military

initial success were a result of their own military

politically

mehmed 2

firmly stablished the empire's capital after capturing Constantinople

christian boys were subjects of the empires recruited by force to serve

afte converting to islam they were taught many skills

janissaries

economic

conquered people were forced to send tribute

controlled the trade of gold and slaves along with other thing ushc as silk, spice and art

levied taxes on the peasants

local officials and tax collectors became corrupt

had trade agreements with European powers

social system built around a warrior aristocracy

power and presitige assumed by the janissaries

harem politics