PAR
Collaboration between researchers and participants
Imbedded in solve social injustice
Evoke immediate action
Long-term Plan
Directly benefit people by action, data collection, critical inquiry
Ignite a personal or social change
Concerns and challenges
Sustainability of projects
Conflicts between essential grassroots and existing rules/policy
Balance between a course project and a actual action plan
Research Practice
Visualization
Culture turn
Decode image as text
Social and cultural context of image productions, contents, and consumptions
Multi-sensory information conveyed by image
GIS
Epistemology
Method
Data collection
Analysis
Interpretation
Motivate inquiries and perspectives
Empowerment
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PPGIS
Sources: Kindon, Sara. 2016. "Empowering Approaches: Participatory Action Research." Chapter 17 in Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography, 4th Edition (Hay, I. [ed.]). Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 350-370.
Crang, Mike. 2010. "Visual Methods and Methodologies." Chapter 12 in The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Geography (DyLyser, D.; Herbert, S.; Aitken, S.; Crang, M.; McDowell, L. [eds.]). London: Sage, pp. 208-224.