PAR

Collaboration between researchers and participants

Imbedded in solve social injustice

Evoke immediate action

Long-term Plan

Directly benefit people by action, data collection, critical inquiry

Ignite a personal or social change

Concerns and challenges

Sustainability of projects

Conflicts between essential grassroots and existing rules/policy

Balance between a course project and a actual action plan

Research Practice

Visualization

Culture turn

Decode image as text

Social and cultural context of image productions, contents, and consumptions

Multi-sensory information conveyed by image

GIS

Epistemology

Method

Data collection

Analysis

Interpretation

Motivate inquiries and perspectives

Empowerment

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PPGIS

Sources: Kindon, Sara. 2016. "Empowering Approaches: Participatory Action Research." Chapter 17 in Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography, 4th Edition (Hay, I. [ed.]). Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 350-370.
Crang, Mike. 2010. "Visual Methods and Methodologies." Chapter 12 in The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Geography (DyLyser, D.; Herbert, S.; Aitken, S.; Crang, M.; McDowell, L. [eds.]). London: Sage, pp. 208-224.