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Vascular Plants Without Seeds (Concepts (Interpolation hyppothesis…

- - - - Sporophyte became more complex
        
        Vascularized
      - Gametophyte become more complex
        
        vascularized
  - - - made haploids cells that turned into gametophytes
    - - produce simple sporophyte
    - - Gametophyte become simpler
      - Sporophyte more complex
- - - - Both branches are equal size
    - - Cooksonia: had
        
        epidermis
        
        cuticle
        
        cortex of parenchyma
        
        simple xylem bundles
        
        annular secondary walls
      - Rhynia
        
        resembled cooksonia
        
        had
        
        upright stems
        
        rhizoids
        
        rhizomes
    - - Two types of xylem organization
        
        Center is solid xylem no pith
        
        protostele
        
        andarch prorostele
        
        protoxylem in center
        
        metaxylem on outer edge
      - exarch protostele
        
        metaxylem in the center
        
        protoxylem in the outer edge
      - siphonostele
        
        pith in center
        
        like seed plants
  - - - Sporangia are lateral not terminal
      - sporangia opened transversely
      - exarch protostele xylem
    - - are outgrowths
      - increased photosynthesis rate
- - - - genera drepanophycus
      - genera Baragwanathia
      - had large enations
      - microphylls
        
        a lychophyta leaf
  - - - sporangia clusters
    - - Having microspores
        
        germinated and gave rise to microgametophytes
      - Having megaspores
        
        Germinated and gave rise to megagametophytes
    - - Leaves
      - Roots
      - Secondary growth
  - - - ground pine or club moss
      - fairly common
      - Many are small herbs
        
        have prostrate rhizomes
        
        have true roots
        
        have short upright branches
      - all are homosporous
    - - spirally arranged on stem
      - no secondary growth
    - - bisexual gametophytes
        
        produce antheridia
        
        produce archegonia
    - - Commonly mistaken for moss
      - most known species
        
        the resurrection plant
        
        turns brown and curls up
        
        opens and turns green when hydrated
      - is heterosporous
      - megagametophyte develops inside megaspore wall
      - can be distinguished by their ligule
        
        ligule = tissue flaps
        
        ligule adaptive advantage unknown
        
        ligule on upper surface of leaf
    - - contains plants called quillworts
        
        grow in wet muddy areas
        
        body consists of
        
        small corn like stems
        
        roots attached below
        
        leaves above
      - is heterosporous
      - most leaves contain sporangia
      - leaves have
        
        thick cuticle
        
        no stomata
      - Has CAM photosynthesis
      - obtains carbon dioxide from roots
- - - - trimerophyton
      - Psilophyton
      - Pertica
    - - Overtopping
        
        Unequal branching
        
        one stem grows more vigorous
      - Pseudomonopodial branching
        
        a single main trunk
  - - - leaves have exarch xylem
      - have megaphylls
      - have 30-kilobase inversion
        
        in region of plastid DNA
    - - monilophytes
      - lignophytes (woody plants)
  - - - horsetails
      - scouring rushes
    - - all herbs
      - no secondary growth
      - can be 10 m tall
      - fused leaves at nodes
      - small leaves
      - small megaphylls
      - true roots present
    - - order hyeniales
        
        family hyeniaceae
        
        hyenia
      - order calamitales
        
        family calamitaceae
        
        athropitys
        
        asterophyllites
        
        calamites
      - order sphenophyllales
        
        family sphenophyllaceae
        
        sphenophyllum
      - order equisetaceae
        
        family equisetaceae
        
        equisetum
        
        equisetites
    - - has main trunk
      - lateral branches
      - true leaves
      - true roots
  - - - 15 living species
    - - consists of a single axis
      - vertical shoot or horizontal rhyzome
      - bears roots and megaphyllous leaves
      - vascular system is endarch
    - - cluster of sporangia where meiosis occurs
    - - Eusporangia
      - leptosorangia
  - - - "leaves"
      - leaves on gametophytes nonvascular plants
      - enation/microphylls of zosterophyllophytes and lycophytes
      - megaphylls evolved from branch systems
        
        present in all seeds
      - telome theory
        
        leaves evolved from modification of terminal branches
      - sporophyll
        
        sporangium-bearing life like structure
      - euphyllophyte
        
        a monophyletic clade
- - - - seeds
      - flowers
      - fruits