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Chapter 7: Migration (Theories of Internal Migration (Todaro's…

- - - - The difference between income and destination and origin
        
        The costs of migration (both monetary and psychological)
        
        Assessment of the probability of securing employment
  - - - Douglas Massey argues this is a byproduct of development
        
        As new market are created, labor turnover increases
        
        At the personal level, immigrants grow accustomed to opportunities for growth, high standards of living, and new consumer habits
        
        At the social level, the close relatives will get the knowledge and experience of immigration and upon moving will be helped and accommodated
  - - - Gordon de Jong stressed that goals and values are diverse
        
        Attainment of wealth, status, comfort, autonomy, and group affiliations
        
        The likelihood of achieving specific goals at the origin and the destination
  - - - Included conditions that influence migration at the origin
        
        Specified a number of intervening constraints and barriers that restrict the migration process
        
        Push factors: lack of jobs, housing, schooling, prejudice, natural disasters
        
        Pull factors: perceived economic, social, and political opportunities
  - - - Founded on neoclassic economic theory
        
        Assumes that individuals act rationally with the objective of utility maximization
        
        Profits gained from migration outweighs the cost of moving
  - - - First to suggest that migration is a "Push-Pull" process
        
        5 Statements
        
        Migration from origin to destination is rarely accomplished in one move
        
        The risk of migration is not the same for all persons
        
        The volume of migration decreases as distance increases
        
        Population movements are not unilateral
        
        The major reason people migrate is economics
- - - - Internal Migration: A move from one area of a subpopulation to another
        
        International Migration: Involves crossing an official international frontier
        
        Immigrants: People who move into a country of destination
        
        Emigrants: People who move out a country of origin
  - - - Many countries have no legal requirements to report either short or long distance permanent moves from one's current place of residence
        
        There is no direct method to account for internal migration
        
        All measurements are indirect estimates
        
        The simplest and most common way of estimating international migration rate between two census counts if the balancing equation method
        
        G = Pt - Po = (B-D) + (I-O)
- - - - Majority of migrants are males
        
        Poor rural infrastructure
        
        Low productivity of the farming sector
        
        Depletion of arable lands
  - - - The mass movement of African Americans from southern and eastern regions to northern and western states
        
        The most common destination in the north was Pennsylvania
  - - - A large scale migration from northeastern to southern and far-western states
    - - Flow from major metropolitan areas to rural areas
- - - - So could people traveling for work
        
        These temporary crossings are usually not treated as international migration
  - - - Crossing an international border for safety or life precipitates a long chain of events in which governments play an active role
        
        Upon crossing, refugees may decide to seek asylum
        
        National laws as well as relationships among the nations affect these matters
  - - - In the 1600's they were transported in large numbers by slave traders
        
        In the early 19th century, a large-scale, essentially voluntary wave of European immigrants to the U.S. began
        
        The second wave of 31 million were responding to the nearly irresistible pull of the U.S. Industrial Revolution
        
        The third wave included Latin America, Caribbean, and Asian peoples
        
        The first wave of 15 million included many Irish immigrants fleeing the Great Potato Famine