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History of Britain (The foundation stones (The Celts (the Celtic tribes…

- - - - It lies in the way of the Gulf Stream, which brings warm water and winds from the Gulf of Mexico
      - It has always been the most populated part of the island
        
        It has always had the most political power
    - - At moments of great danger Britain has been saved from danger by its surrounding seas.
  - - - It was not just one long equally cold period
        
        There were times when the ice cap retreated, and colder periods when the ice reached as far South as the river Thames
        
        The 1st evidence of human life is a few stone tools, dating from one of the warmer periods, about 250.000 BC
        
        These objects show that there were 2 different kinds of inhabitant
        
        the earlier group made their tools from flakes of flint
        
        the other group made tools from a central core of flint, which spread from Africa to Europe.
        
        The ice advanced again and Britain became hardly habitable until another milder period, probably around 50.000 BC.
        
        during this time a new type of human being seems to have arrived, who was ancestor of the modern British
        
        around 10.000 BC, Britain was peopled by small groups of hunters, gatherers, and fishers
        
        By about 5.000 BC Britain has become an island and had also become heavily forested
        
        for the wandered-hunter cullture this was a disaster, for the cold-loving deer and other animals on which they lived largely died out
        
        Neolithic (or new Stone Age) 3.000 BC
        
        people crossed the narrow sea from Europe in small round boats of bentwood covered with animal. Each could carry one or two persons
        
        These people kept animals and grew corn crops, and knew how to make pottery
        
        they probably came from either the Iberian (Spanish) peninsula or even the North African cost
        
        they settled in the westerm parts of Britain and Ireland, from Cornwall at the Southwest end of Britain
        
        They were the 1st of several waves of invaders before the 1st arrival of the Romans in 55 BC
        
        Public works
        
        the earlier of these works were great "barrows" or burial mounds,made of earth or stone
        
        most of these barrows are found on the chalk uplands of south Britain.
        
        these areas became overfarmed, while by 1400 BC the climate became drier, and as a result, this island could no longer support many people
        
        after 300 BC the chalkland people started building great circles of earth banks and ditches.
        
        inside, they built wooden buildings and stone circles.
        
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        Hill-forts replaced henges as the centers of local power and most of these were found in the south-east.
        
        they remained the centre for local groups
        
        the insides were filled with houses, and they become the simple economic capitals and smaller towns of the different tribal areas
        
        today, the empty hill-forts stand on lonely hilltops
        
        they remained local economic centres
  - - - tribal chiefs were chosen from each family or tribe, sometimes as the result of fighting matches between individuals, and sometimes by election.
    - - trade was conducted by sea and river
      - for money they use iron bars
    - - they could not read or write
      - they memorized all the religious teachings, the tribal laws, history, medicine and other knowledge necessary
      - the Druids from different tribes all over Britain met once a year
  - - - the written word was important for spreading ideas and also for establishing power
    - - the coloniae, towns peopled by Roman settlers
      - the municipa, large cities in which the whole population was given Roman citizenship
      - the civitas, included the old Celtic tribal capitals, through which the romans administered the Celtic population in the country side
      - villas, large farms. these belonged to the richer britons who where more roman than Celt
        
        they were usually close to towns so that the crops could be sold easily