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World War I concept map (Propaganda (Used heavily in Britain to fuel hate…
World War I concept map
UNDERLYING CAUSES
Militarism
The belief that a country should maintain a threatening armed force as an emblem of its strength and power
After the Germans declared war on Russia, the Schlieffen plan was hatched based on the assumption of a two-front war with France and Russia. Germany ended up declaring war on France, and Great Britain declared war on Belgium.
The growth of large mass armies not only heightened the existing tensions in Europe but made it inevitable that if war did come, it would be highly destructive. As armies grew, so did the influence of military leaders, and the generals’ lack of flexibility forced political leaders to make decisions for military instead of political reasons.
Mobilization
The act of preparing a country's armed forces for warfare, with respect to personnel and machinery
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Nationalism
A sense of patriotism about one's own country, often accompanied by feelings of superiority over other nationalities
Most statesmen considered war an acceptable way to preserve the power of their national states. All the nations thought they were bigger and better, causing lasting tension between them. Each state was motivated by self-interest and success.
Imperialism
A policy of exerting territorial control directly, either through military force or negotiation, with the goal of amassing an empire
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Alliances systems
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By 1914 the Europeans knew that these alliances were important and their security depended on supporting those allies, even when they took foolish risks.
Propaganda
Used heavily in Britain to fuel hate towards the enemies, rationalize and justify the war, and deepen the support of allied countries. Also, Britain produced propaganda targeted towards neutral countries that highlighted Germany’s poor judgment in the war. The most common propaganda took form in leaflets, often targeted towards influential individuals as the distributors were aware that the nation would follow it’s trusted journalists or politicians.
Used in Germany to portray that political power is based on struggle and that only armed conflict could secure the nation’s survival. These ideas were promoted by press reports, intellectual circles, taught in schools and universities, integrated into the rituals of youth organizations, spread from churches, and even found their expression in a bourgeois fashion of sailor suits for boys.
French propaganda would utilize the old mediums and the new ones as well (post cards, posters, illustrated magazines, etc.) for patriotic and commercial purposes. In French propaganda a German would be dehumanized and described as brutal and barbarous, taking stories from French and Belgian refugees and dramatizing the destruction; the theme of propaganda being "German war atrocities".
In Austria the priority was to win the war by suppressing all disruptive elements. Therefore, special emphasis was placed on censorship rather than propaganda.
In the US, people who spoke out against the war were at risk of being beaten by a mob, or forced to kiss the US flag in public and people who refused to buy liberty bonds were harrassed. Propaganda was designed to make people more inclined to enlist in the army.
Anti-War Protests
Groups involved:
- Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or ‘Wobblies’), an American-based anti-war socialist group.
- National Woman's Party (NWP), a women group dedicated to fighting against the war for changes in female power, and because their sons were being drafted.
- Independent Labour Party (ILP), The Independent Labour Party fought against the war as it went against their philosophy of pacifism in Britain.
Reasons:
- Americans' Strife for Peace During and After WW1
- The Start of a Near-Revolution
- Isolationism Before the War
Response:
- Soldiers Break Up Anti-War Meeting in Seattle
- Protesting Subject to Violence
Methods:
- Cover of Anti-War Song - "I Didn't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier"
- Three-Day Peace Conference for Women’s Peace Party (WPP)
Role of Women
When all the men got called into war, women started taking over all the industrial jobs, leading to a shifted view from more of a visual pleasure/housewife to a working and industrial figure. Groups like the Canary Girls were formed.
Many women banded together to used their services to the war and jobs in the home front during World War 1, when men were at war to fuel the Suffrage Movement. Working Women aimed to use their new jobs as justification for their right to vote.
Technological advances
Weaponry/Artillery
- Tanks
- Tracer bullets
- Depth Charges
- Flamethrowers
- Heavy weapons-- Motors, Artillery
- Machine guns
Lifestyle innovations
- The Trench Coat
- Blood banks
- Daylight savings
- Stainless steel
- Sanitary pads
- Zippers
- Wristwatch
Chemical warfare
Chemical weapons are devices that weaponize toxic chemicals to inflict harm generally upon one’s enemies. The first time their usage was officially recorded was during WW1 by the Germans, overall leading to an estimated 900,000 deaths by the end of the war due to the noxious chemicals. There were over 24 different chemical agents employed in the war which led
to an insane amount of 90% of casualties suffered in the war.
Chlorine Gas, Mustard Gas, and Tear Gas were all invented
Aviation
Aviation played a major role in how the fighting of WWI went and the technological advancements that came with building new fighting planes changed the way the war was fought.
Trench Warfare
Trench warfare was a military strategy and combat system where opposing sides would be forced from mobilization and would have to defend, attack, and counterattack from self dug trenches. It was used as a barrier or source of protection from incoming attacks. The term "No Mans Land" was created, and soldiers who fought in trench warfare often lived in fear with PTSD, Trench Foot, and hunger. Many battles were fought this way.
The Treaty of Versailles
Immediate outcomes
Territorial: The nation-state of Poland created from parts of Germany and Russia. Alsace-Lorraine is returned to France. The ottoman empire is dismantled; new nations include (but are not limited to): Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Iraq, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia - Austria and Hungary split. Czechoslovakia created. Yugaslavia (Serbia and Montenegro joined parts of AH). USSR is created German empire is smaller but still pretty large
Hitler gives speech about Weimar Republic, triggering his rise to power
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Long term effects
Total internal instability within Germany, ultimately laying the groundwork for distrust between Germany and other nations that presently led to WWII.
Terms
- Responsibility (blame for war): Germany is fully responsible for causing WWI.
- Territorial Changes: All overseas German colonies are turned over to the League of Nations.
- Military Restrictions: The German army is limited to 100,000 soldiers. No tanks or poison gases are allowed. Rhineland becomes a demilitarized zone. German navy is limited to 6 battleships; no subs. No Air Force.
- Reparations: Germany agreed to pay excessive reparations including paying $33 billion ($321 billion in today’s value). Originally, it would have taken Germany until 1984 to pay the reparations off. Allies agreed to revise the terms during the Great Depression.
PTSD
Hundreds of soldiers suffered from being unable to move on from the battles they fought. The psychological trauma associated with the gruesome scenes of the war were unlike anything doctors and specialists at the time had seen before. Spontaneous outbursts and fits, blurred vision, recurring nightmares about memories that the soldiers found themselves unable to forget and wounded minds that many tried to fix but ultimately couldn’t.
Why so deadly?
WWI’s most efficient killer was disease (i.e. typhus and cholera) making minor wounds fatal. However, The main reason why the war was so deadly was because of new technology and outdated tactics (i.e. American machine guns and barbed wire).