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Tectonic Hazards and Boundries (Effects of Tectonic hazord (Haiti is…
Tectonic Hazards and Boundries
What are Tectonic Hazards?
Tectonic hazards occur when the earths crust(the outer layer) moves. as the plates move it creates a massive amount of friction that may cause the plate to become stuck. the tension builds up until it releases to cause a massive earthquake, volcanic eruptions, avalanches and landslides. these are called natural hazards and can unfortunately lead to distruction and death.
Different types of plate boundries
DESTRUCTIVE plate boundaries
are plate boundaries that collide with each other
><.
this could be shown with the
continental and oceanic crust
. as the oceanic crust is denser than the continental, this allows the oceanic crust to
subducted
by the continental crust. as the oceanic crust sinks the
Mantle
melts it down to magma. this pressure builds up until a weak spot on the surface is allowed to break free of the magma. this comes out of a composite volcano.
CONSTRUCTIVE plate boundaries
are when the plates move away from each other, this causes magma from the mantle to flow out above the ground to form a
shield
volcano
CONSERVATIVE plate boundaries
are when 2 different plates move past each other at the same time but at different speeds. as the plates start to rub friction occurs causing the plates to be stuck. the pressure carries on to build up as the plates are still trying to move. when the pressure is released a massive surge of energy is released causing a very destructive earthquake. this happens very close to the earth's surface with no volcanos present on these boundaries.
Convection currents:
convection currents are found in the mantle as this layer isn't a solid so the particles are able to move. convection currents are formed when the heat is rising and falling in the mantle, this is generated by radioactive decay in the core. these convection currents are what mover the tectonic plates around the crust. if the currents
DIVERGE
near the earth crust, the plates more apart. if the currents
CONVERGE
then the plates collide eventually.
Effects of Tectonic hazord
Haiti
is located in the Caribbean right next to the Dominican republic. Haiti is a LIC which is really bad as they are situated North of the Caribbean plate on a conservative plate boundary with the North Americ Plate.
in the events of the 12th of January 2010 a massive earthquake 7.0 on the Richter scale hit Haiti which caused massive devastation. after the earthquake 52 aftershocks hit which caused a local tsunami. 316,000 people died with 300,000 people injured. many ports, airports, businesses, and roads were destroyed leaving no access for aid to come. with a staggering 1.5 million people were left homeless. 6 months later still 98% of all rubbel left was still uncleared.
howver, in Japan they suffered a much greater sized Earthquake, but it recived less deaths of 15 thousand which is amazing compared to Haiti. the reason for this is because Japan hasd prepared for another earthquake since they had already experienced one with massive loss in the eary 1900's. Japan had used the 3 p's and had designed earthquake buildings and also hve a day where everyone practicing their rountine for an earthquake each year.
Short term Responses:
short term responses are the methods that people carry out straight after an incident or natural disaster. in this case, Haiti required a lot of aid and help from many countries but this was blocked and slowed as main ports and infrastructure were destroyed leaving aid to take a longer time to reach them. the USA sent 10,000 of their troops to help with the rescue mission along with the UK government providing £20 million to Haiti. also, bottled water and purification tablets were given to the community as they were moving out to safer locations from port-au-prince.
Long term responses:
long term responses are the follow up to the short term responses these may take a couple of years for a HIC but for LIC like Haiti the rebuild will take a time of decades. Haiti was so poor over 80% of their community was living in poverty which meant many people still through the years, relied on overseas aid to help provide and rebuild. Better quality homes are being built still with after the end of the first year still 1 MILLION people were still left homeless. all the main infrastructure still needs building so they can gain access back to their airports, roads, seaports, radio stations.
Management- 3 p's
Planning:
identifying areas most at risk e.g. hazard maps and educating people in order to minimise loss of life
Prediction:
using historical evidence and monitoring, scientists can make predictions about when and where a natural hazard may happen
Protection:
designing methods e.g. earthquake proof buildings to minimise the risk to humans and prevent loss of life and injury
How do you manage and reduce the impacts of hazards (Earthquakes)(Volcanic Eruptions)
In the
USA
and
Japan
, they plan before an earthquake strikes by building infrastructure away from
earthquake-proof zones
where guidelines can be set as well to reduce the amount of death and economical damage. The USA uses
Earthquake risk maps
to plan where not to build and where to build. However, in some cities and countries, it is difficult to control land use when they are developing countries. There is
high rural-urban migration
to the cities which means countries lack resources to improve the situation. Poverty can cause people to build homes
illegally
where unfortunately they are on earthquake-prone sites meaning when an earthquake happens there is a massive loss to that family. This solution only works for
HIC.
There is another solution on how to reduce death and economic damage. In
Japan
, they have designed
Earthquake proof buildings and infrastructure
. these can withstand an earthquake as workers have specially designed the building by
cross-bracing
each wall so the triangle shape has a stronger hold to the building. they also have
shear walls
which are concrete walls with steel bars inside them to reduce the wobble of the building. the last one is
Shock absorbers
, they are the base insulators which absorb the tremors of the Earthquake. However, these buildings
cost millions
with the
San-Fransisco
building costing
$800 million
to build, and no
LIC
or
NIC
can afford these buildings.
we can also strengthen old buildings so they have a better chance of withstanding an earthquake. As in
Tokyo
, there are still
1.8 billion old buildings
that can not withstand an earthquake. so we can edit each building and develop them by inserting metal poles to hold it up better. also, both
HIC
and
LIC countries
can do
earthquake drills
in places around the country that are prone to earthquakes to
educate and familiarise
what people will have to do. However, humans can be
complacent
thinking it won't happen to them so they ignore the signs and drills so some are uneducated and more likely to die.
we also can have
earthquake monitoring and warning systems
. this is where countries can invest in
seismometers
which can detect an earthquake so then the authorities can raise the sirens and evacuate the area as fast as possible. In
China
,
90,000 people
were saved from the earthquake due to seismometers. but sometimes authorities may ignore the warnings thinking it isn't a natural hazard when it could be an earthquake or tsunami.