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Biodiversity (Courtship behaviour (What it does (Become able to breed,…

- - - - Similar function
      - Not necessarily same evolutionary history
  - - - Based on evolutionary relationship
      - Classifies based on features derived from ancestors
        
        homologous features
      - Arranges in hierarchy (small groups in big/ no overlap)
        
        Taxonomy
        
        DKPCOFGS
        
        Kingdom
        
        Phylum/Class/Order/Family/Gensus/Species
        
        Binomial naming
        
        Generic + specific (Genus/ species)
        
        Latin/ Greek to be universal
        
        2 more items...
        
        Domain
        
        Bacteria
        
        Ribosomes 70S/ single loop DNA/ no membrane bound organelles/ Meurin cell wall/ Unicellular
        
        Achaea
        
        Ether bond in membranes/ No meurin in cell wall/ complex RNA polymerase/ gene&protein synthesis similar to eukaryotes
        
        Eukaryotes
        
        Membrane bound organelle/ Ester bound membranes/ Non-meurin cell wall/ 80S
        
        Problems
        
        Species are still evolving
        
        Species extinction
        
        Some dont reproduce sexually
        
        Some isolated populations may still be able to interbreed
- - - - components
        
        no species in a community
        
        no individuals in a species
      - Agriculture impacts
        
        Ecosystem has lower species richness
        
        genetic variety is lower
        
        fewer habitats
        
        Conservation/Farming
        
        hedgerows
        
        monocultures
        
        filling ponds and draining marshes
        
        overgrazing
        
        pesticides
        
        escape of effluent
        
        lack of intercropping
        
        Improvements
        
        Conserve headlands
        
        natural meadows
        
        intercropping
        
        the practice of growing two or more different types of crops in close proximity to each other
        
        crop rotation
        
        organic fertilisers
        
        biological control
        
        native trees
        
        keep ponds and marshes
        
        plant hedgrerows
    - - Variety of alleles in a species population in a community
        
        allele - one of a number of alternative forms of a gene
        
        gene pool - the total number of alleles in a particular population at a specific time
    - - number of habitats in an ecosystem
  - - - Compare observable features
        
        Controlled by genes
        
        polygenetic + environment + analogous
      - Compare DNA
        
        mutations accumalate due to aspeciation
        
        similarity indicates close relation
      - Compare mRNA
        
        complementary to DNA so represents differences in genes
        
        splicing and not all DNA is coding
      - Compare AA seq
        
        coded for by mRNA, which is complemetnary to DNA
        
        DNA is degenerate; not all DNA is coding
      - Immunological comparison
        
        Serum A into B; B prod antibodies in serum: Serum B with C measure precipitate (= % similar antigen in serum C to A)
    - - Sampling
        
        Random sampling
        
        Method
        
        Grid; RNG; Quadrat; Scale
        
        Issues
        
        Sampling bias
        
        Chance
      - Testing
        
        Mean
        
        STDev
        
        (n-1) for bio
        
        Normal distribution
        
        Mean/mode/median same point 64% with 1 STDev
        
        Chi squared
        
        Difference in expected and observed date, looking at the number of individuals in categories; if there is a difference in association between categorical values
        
        Student T test
        
        compare mean values
        
        Spearman rank correlation
        
        association between two different measurements in same sample
    - - simpson's
        
        D = (N(N-1)/ sum of (n)(n-1)