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Natural Hazards (CASE STUDY : Haiti January 2010 (Secondary effects (2…
Natural Hazards
CASE STUDY : Haiti January 2010
Secondary effects
2 million people were left without food, water or proper aid
There were many power cuts
The crime rate increased (looting and sexual violence escalated)
People moved into temporary shelters or tents in and outside of town
By November 2010 there were outbreaks of cholera because of the dead bodies that hadn't been disposed of
5.o magnitude tremors occured after the earthquake
Primary effects
220,000 people killed
300,000 people injured
Main port severely damaged
8 hospitals collapsed
100,000 houses destroyed, 200,000 were damaged
1.3 million people became homeless
Short-term responses
Crucial aid was slow to arrive because of the main port
USA sent rescue teams and 10,000 troops
Bottled water and purification tablets were provided
235,000 people were moved to less-damaged cities away from Port-au-Prince
The UK government donated £20 million
Long-term responses
Haiti was dependent on overseas aid
New homes were built to a higher standard however it did take a while
The main port needed to be rebuilt which used up a lot of the donated money
1 year after the earthquake, over 1 million people were still living in temporary shelters and tents
Tectonic Plate Boundaries
Destructive
Involves Oceanic and Continental plates
Plates move towards each other which causes earthquakes
Oceanic is subdued under the Continental plate because it's heavier
When the plate sinks into the mantle it forms magma
The pressure from magma builds up and breaks through the rock's weak surface
It rises through a composite volcano
Volcanic eruptions - violent, lots of steam, gas & ash
EXAMPLE : Japan March 2011 Pacific and North American Plate
Conservative
Plates move beside each other at different speeds
Friction occurs from the movement and the plates get stuck
Pressure builds up as the plates are still trying to move
The pressure is released, sends out huge amounts of energy and causes an earthquake
Earthquakes at these plates are very destructive since they're close to the Earth's surface
No volcanoes occur at this plate
EXAMPLE : San Francisco 1989 Pacific and North American Plate
EG, Haiti 2010
Constructive
Plates move apart from each other due to CONVECTION CURRENTS.. These are....
Magma rises up from the mantle
Creates new land and a shield volcano
When the plates move apart it can cause earthquakes
EXAMPLE : Iceland
Reducing the impact of hazards (PPP)
LICs
Don't have the resources for developing countries
Causes migrants to construct their houses illegally, creating more slums
Slums are built on top of eachother so if there was an earthquake all the houses would fall (pancake effect)
People living in LICs can't afford to buy earthquake resistant buildings
Education and emergency procedures
Earthquake drills take place frequently in earthquake prone countries so that in an event of an earthquake no one panics and everyone evacuates safely
Not enough money for technology that predicts or watches hazardous events
HICs
Planning building of infrastructure
Buildings aren't too tall (Sendai, Japan)
Earthquake risk maps to plan land use (USA)
Building earthquake proof buildings
Cross-bracing - reinforcing walls by using two steel beams
Shock absorbers - absorbs the tremor of the earthquake
Shear walls - concrete walls with steel bars in them to reduce rocking motion of the building
'Transamerica Pyramid' San Francisco cost £50 million to build
Problem, In Tokyo there are more than 1.8 million old buildings that can't withstand an earthquake
Strengthening existing buildings
Existing building can be supported by steel frames or steel rods in the walls
Seismic retro freeway structures
Education and emergency procedures
Earthquake drills take place frequently in earthquake prone countries so that in an event of an earthquake no one panics and everyone evacuates safely
Earthquake monitoring
Earthquake-prone areas should invest in seismometers and computers that can monitor tremors of the Earth or change in water levels
Authorities will then inform residents through sirens or public broadcasts of impending danger and begin mass evacuation
