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THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM By: Jennifer De Dios Pd. 4 (HORMONES (MALE…
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
By: Jennifer De Dios
Pd. 4
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
☆ FEMALE: produce egg cells
--protect and nourish offspring until birth
--producing female gametes called eggs
--gestating a fetus if fertilization occurs, giving birth to a baby, and breastfeeding a baby after birth
☆ MALE: produce, maintain, and transport sperm
--discharge sperm within the female reproductive tract during sex
ANATOMY OF MALE/FEMALE + FUNCTIONS
MALE
☆ Testes: Produce sperm and male hormones
☆ Scrotum: Supports testes and regulates their temperature
☆ Seminal Vesicle: Contribute fluids to semen production
☆ Prostate Gland: Secretes prostate fluid (component of semen), aids in ejaculation
☆ Epididymis: Stores mature sperm
☆ Vas Deferens: Transports sperm from epididymis
☆ Penis: Transfers sperm into female
FEMALE
☆Ovaries: produces and develops eggs
☆Fallopian Tubes: Transports egg to uterus, acts as site of fertilization
☆ Uterus: Supports a developing embryo
☆ Cervix: Allows passage between the uterus and the vagina
☆ Vagina: Receives penis during intercourse, acts as birth canal, passes menstrual flow
☆ Breasts: Produce and deliver milk
HORMONES
☆ Estrogen: causes eggs to mature in ovaries once a girl hits puberty
--released at regular intervals during the menstrual cycle
☆ Testosterone: stimulates sperm production in males
MALE
☆Testosterone: hormone secreted by the testes
--male characteristics, including muscle mass and strength, fat distribution, bone mass and sex drive
☆ Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): necessary for sperm production (spermatogenesis)
☆Luteinizing Hormone (LH): stimulates the production of testosterone, which is necessary to continue the process of spermatogenesis
FEMALE
☆Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): causing maturation of an egg in the ovary
☆Luteinising hormone (LH): stimulating the release of the egg
☆ Progesterone: sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans
DISORDERS OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
TESTICULAR CANCER
☆ One of every 40,000
☆ Painless, solid mass
☆Over 96% of cases are cured by surgical removal of cancerous testis or in combination with radiation therapy or chemo
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH)
☆ Cells of the prostate gland begin to multiply
☆ Prostate gland to swell, which squeezes the urethra and limits the flow of urine
☆ Drugs inhibit testosterone's stimulation of prostate growth; transurethral resection of the prostate widens prostatic urethra
PROSTATE CANCER
☆Third most common cause of cancer death in men
☆ Extremely slow growing tumors to highly aggressive fatal tumors
☆ Simply watch and wait; can spread into bone, dependent on testosterone
PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID)
☆ Caused by sexually transmitted microorganisms infecting peritoneal cavity
☆ Unless treated promptly with antibiotics, can cause scarring of narrow uterine tubes, resulting in sterility
CERVICAL CANCER
☆450,000 women worldwide, killing about half
☆ Frequent cervical inflammations, STI's, multiple pregnancies
☆Detected by pap smear
BREAST CANCER
☆ Second most common in US women; one in eight; more than 70% have no known risk factors
☆Arises from epithelial cells of smallest ducts, eventually becoming a lump
☆ Detected by mammogram
☆Lumpectomy and may include radiation therapy
FEMALE HORMONAL CYCLE
FOLLICULAR PHASE
☆ Levels of estrogen and progesterone are low
☆ The top layers of the thickened lining of the uterus (endometrium) break down and are shed, and menstrual bleeding occurs
☆ Follicle-stimulating hormone level increases slightly
☆ Development of several follicles in the ovaries -- each follicle contains an egg
☆ FSH level decreases, only one follicle continues to develop. This follicle produces estrogen.
OVULATORY PHASE
☆ Surge in luteinizing hormone and FSH levels
☆ LH stimulates egg release (ovulation)
--32 hours after
☆ Estrogen level decreases during the surge, and the progesterone level starts to increase
LUTEAL PHASE
☆ LH and FSH levels decrease
☆ Ruptured follicle closes after releasing the egg and forms a corpus luteum, which produces progesterone
☆ Uterus thickens more to prepare for possible fertilization
--progesterone and estrogen levels are high