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Chemical Control - Coggle Diagram
Chemical Control
Types of Selectivity
Kills only certain organisms
Use patterns
Time the application
Time of day
Time of year
Formulation of insecticide
Granular
Mixed with water
Mode of entry into insects
Ingestion
Contact
Trachael
Mode of activity in plant
Contact
Remains on surface
Translaminar
Upper surface
Translocated into leaf
Systemic
Taken up by roots
Translocated throughout plant
Application technique
Area of crop treated
Inspection is important
Determines chemical usage
Benefits of Selectivity
Fewer chemical applications
Less secondary pest problems
Less change of resistance
Less damage to non-targets
Less pesticide residue
Less environmental concerns
Insect growth regulators
Synthetic insect hormones
Regulate growth
Regulate development
Types
Chitin inhibitors
Juvenile hormone mimics
Prevent normal development
Molting hormone agonists
Premature molt
Examples
Dimilin
Enstar II
Neemazad
Neem oil
Low mammalian toxicity
Very insect specific
Oils
Smother insects
All life stages
Never spray
Temperature above 80
Often combined with insecticides
Dormant oil treatments
Can be phytotoxic
Insecticides
Definition
Chemicals to kill insects
Recommended rates and conditions
Challenge
Max benefits
Minimize adverse effects
Use selectively
History
Used 3000 years ago
During and after WWII
Delousing prisoners
1970's
Broad spectrum abandoned
Selective use now common
Soaps
What?
Fatty acids
How?
Kills by desiccation
Disrupts cuticle
Clogs trachea
Similar oil use
Can be phytotixic
Examples
Diatomaceous earth
Boric acid
Insecticide Groups
Inorganic
Sulfur
Lead arsenate
Copper compounds
Organic
Botanical compounds
Derived from plants
Long use history
Examples
Pyrethrum
Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium
Contact poison
Very quick knockdown
Synergist PBO
Agitates insect
Encourages contact on poison
Low mammalian toxicity
Disadvantages
No persistence
UV breakdown
May recover
Rotenone
Contact poison
Stomach poison
Low mammalian toxicity
Except swine
Disadvantage
Highly toxic to fish
Breakdown in storage
Apply soon
Derris elliptica
Extracted from root
Nicotine
Tobacco
Nerve poison
Ingested
Absorbed
Tracheal
Synthetic organics
Man-made
During and after WWII
Examples
Organochlorines
Chloronated hydrocarbons
Organophosphates
Contains phosphorus
Inhibitors of cholinesterase enzymes
Neuromuscular system
Modes of entry
Contact
Stomach
Systemic
Examples
Malathion
Diazinoin
Dimethoate
Orthene
Dursban
How it works
Nerve gap (synapse)
Nerve impulse jumps gap
Neurotransmitter released (ACh)
OP Insecticides inhibit (AChE)
Nerve continues to fire
Carbamates
Derivatives of carbamic acid
Similar to Organophospahtes
Breakdown easily
Water solubile
Systemic activity
Examples
Temik
Furadan
Sevin (Carbaryl)
Common for lawn pesticide
Synthetic pyrethroids
Resemble natural pyrethroids
Lasts longer
More toxic
Quick knockdown
Low mammalian toxicity
Low residual activity
Examples
Permethrin (Pounce, Astro)
Mavrik
Allethrin
Talstar (Bifenthrin)
Resmithrin (Raid)
Tempo
Ant and roach products
Broad spectrum
Aerosol spray
Quick knockdown
Commonly used
Pest control operators
Composition
Cl
H
C
Occassionally
O
S
Stable
Doesn't breakdown
Stored in mammals by fat
Biomagnification
Chemicals absorbed by species
Passed above food chain
Bioaccumulation
Toxin level in animal
Levels depend on mass
Has carbon
Fumigants
Volatile
Treats
Termites
Bed bugs