Also called secondary behaviors which are in response to or in anticipation of stuttering
Behaviors are reinforced and become habitual
They are learned responses to stuttering
Present only during disfluent speech
Speaker may be or may not be aware of these behaviors
May include:
:pencil2: Associated Motor Behaviors: extraneous body movements, visual displays of tension involving parts of the oral facial mechanism, eye blinking, distorting the mouth, moving the head, quivering the nostrils and may include movements of body parts
:pencil2: physiologic responses : affects respiratory, phonatory, articulatory and prosodic aspects of speech production; audible inhalation; excessive pitch variations; hard glottal attacks; hard articulatory contacts; excessively fast rate of speech
:pencil2: avoidance: learned response to unpleasant stimuli; avoid certain sounds, words or speaking situations; circumlocution; can avoid communicative event such as public speaking ordering in a restaurant; can be described as primary or secondary
:pencil2: Primary avoidance: starters-using words sounds or gestures to initiate speech; postponements-silences pretending to think, ritualistic acts i.e. lip licking; retrials-repeating a fluent utterance; circumlocutions-sound word or phrase substitutions; antiexpectancies-altering the communicative text by speaking with an accent, imitating someone else's voice
:pencil2: Secondary avoidance: reducing verbal output or not talking at all; relying on others to communicate for them
:pencil2: expectancy
