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Classification and Systematics (Cladistics (Studies can be complicated…

- - - - Evolutionary history of each member of the group
  - - - Nomenclature
- - - - Cannot breed with other species
      - Can breed with same species
    - - Genera or genus #
        
        Deciding the closeness is difficult
        
        Above genus is family
        
        One or several genera
    - - Decedents of common ancestor
        
        In the same genus
    - - Members have evolved from different ancestors
    - - Levels above family
        
        Order, class, division and kingdom
- - - - Descended from common ancestor
      - Undergone convergent evolution
    - - Homologous features
      - Descended from common ancestral features
    - - Homoplasies
      - Analogous features
      - Should not be used to determine plants relation
  - - - Diagram that show evolutionary patterns
        
        Shown by branches
      - Each branch is called a node
        
        Represents each taxon into two
        
        Clade
      - Common ancestor
        
        Branches extending from a point
        
        Descendants from original group
      - Parsimony
  - - - Descendants of early-diverging clades
- - - - Basis of classification
    - - Means of obvious character
      - Plant color and habitat
  - - - All fossils with same basic form or structure
        
        Classified together