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HISTORY AND SOCIETY OF THE XVIII CENTURY : (HISTORY (Politics (King…
HISTORY AND SOCIETY OF THE XVIII CENTURY
:
HISTORY
Politics
King George II Hannover (1727-1760)
Conflicts
War against Spain (1739)
War of Austrian succession (1740-1740)
Last Jacobite opposition (1746)
Seven years war (1756) [William Pitt]
King George III Hannover (1760-1820)
Peace of Paris (1763)
UK annected territories from Spain (Florida) and France (Canada)
"The king's friend"
The king tried to recover the ancient powers. In his opinion the Cabinet and the Prime Minister were just an instrument in king's hands
King George I Hannover (1714-1727)
Jacobite opposition (with Tory's support)
Half of the Tory members were exiled from America, favoring the whig party
Wasn't interested in the political life (task of governing to the whig party)
Queen Anne (1702-1714)
Act of union (1707)- Scotland is annected to UK
Spanish succesion's war (1702-1713) ended with the treaty of Utrecht
The UK annected new territories
Weakening of Spanish and French power in favor of the United Kingdom which became the major maritime power
Sir. Robert Walpole (1721-1742) [First Prime Minister]
The South sea Bubble Crisis
Walpole managed to bring back public confidence in politics facing the South Sea Company economical crisis
Whig as the main party
60 years of political stability
"Whig oligarchy"
Not a real parlamentary opposition
Bribing
Vote vas not secret and the vote system was not more accurated
The Augustan Age (Age of Revolutions)
French revolution
American revolution
In 1765 taxation duties were increased, so the colonists protested ( No taxation without representation)
Boston tea party (1773)- a cargo of british tea was trown into the sea in Boston Harbour
In 1776 Thomas Jefferson and others political leaders wrote the Declaration of indipendence and in 1778 all the 13 colonies were recognized as an indipendent nation ( The United Stated of America) by the UK
Industrial revolution
°Increase of population
Better sanitary conditions
End of wars
New food like potatoes was avaiable even on famine
Invention of machinaries
SOCIETY
Industrial Revolution
The increase in population caused an increase of goods, so the production passed from a cottage industry to a large scale one ( Drmatic change)
More territories were closed (Enclosures)
The land was used for breeding providing the raw material for the textile industry
Many peasants were forced to migrate from the countryside to the urban areas
The revolution was possible thanks to the new machines that worked with coal and iron
Up and Down sides of progress
Wealthy merchants used to control the mayority of the thrades, they started buying factories and mines gaining prestige.
The workers lived in bad neighborhoods and they used to work in really dangerous conditions
Age of Reason
The Golden Age
Optimism:encouraged faith in progress
Methodism: respectability and moral dignity in reaction to material values of the middle class.
Sunday schools to learn the Bible an how to wrire and read
The Age of Enlightment
London and the coffee houses
People used to discuss about political, social and economical topics.
Born of Journalism
Faith in reason
Women's condition
Acces to university and professions
New chances to express themselves