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a 34-year old male patient recently diagnosed with AIDS. He tells you, “I…
a 34-year old male patient recently diagnosed with AIDS. He tells you, “I tested positive for HIV over a year ago. Why wasn’t I diagnosed with AIDS at that time? Until recently I had no symptoms and felt fine. I thought I was better or did not have HIV in the first place. What changed?”
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The components and physiology of the innate and adaptive parts of the immune system,
The innate immune system is made of defenses against infection that can be activated immediately once a pathogen attacks. The innate immune system is essentially made up of barriers that aim to keep viruses, bacteria, parasites, and other foreign particles out of your body or limit their ability to spread and move throughout the body.
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cells
Phagocytes circulate throughout the body, looking for potential threats, like bacteria and viruses, to engulf and destroy
Macrophages, commonly abbreviated as “Mφ”, are efficient phagocytic cells that can leave the circulatory system by moving across the walls of capillary vessels.
Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells that are located in tissues, and can contact external environments through the skin, the inner mucosal lining of the nose, lungs, stomach, and intestines.
The adaptive immune system, also called acquired immunity, uses specific antigens to strategically mount an immune response. Unlike the innate immune system, which attacks only based on the identification of general threats, the adaptive immunity is activated by exposure to pathogens, and uses an immunological memory to learn about the threat and enhance the immune response accordingly
B cell encounters an antigen that fits or matches its membrane-bound antibody, it quickly divides in order to become either a memory B cell or an effector B cell, which is also called a plasma cell.
T cell receptors can only recognize antigens that are bound to certain receptor molecules, called Major Histocompatibility Complex class 1 (MHCI) and class 2 (MHCII).
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HIV is a virus that attacks a type of white blood cell called a CD4 cell in the body’s immune system.
AIDS is a syndrome, or range of symptoms, that may develop in time in a person with HIV who does not receive treatment. A person can have HIV without developing AIDS, but it is not possible to have AIDS without first having HIV.
Upstream causes
you can get HIV from contact with infected blood, semen, or vaginal fluids
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Downstream causes
HIV attacks a specific type of immune system cell in the body. It's known as the CD4 helper cell or T cell.
t's known as the CD4 helper cell or T cell. When HIV destroys this cell, it becomes harder for the body to fight off other infections
HIV targets the type of cells that would normally fight off an invader like HIV. As the virus replicates, it damages or destroys the infected CD4+ cell and produces more virus to infect more CD4+ cells.