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Theme 1, Reader 1: History of Dance, Imported influences 1900-1929 pg. 30…

- - - - African American dancers hit Broadway in the 1921 musical Shuffle Along.
- - - - Dancers with a big influence
        
        Michel Fokine (1880 - 1942)
        
        He was born in St. Petersburg, Russia and entered the Imperial Ballet School in 1889. After graduating he became member of the Maryinsky Ballet.
        
        Fokine joined Diaghilev's Ballets Russes as a dancer and choreographer, and his ballets dominated the company in its early years so much that the years from 1909 to 1912 have been called its Fokine period. He established ballet as a major dramatic form
        
        Created: Les Sylphides, Firebird, Petrouchka
        
        His signature piece, Les Sylphide is an abstract ballet. With its long, white tuts reminiscent of romantic ballet costumes. Les Sylphides is a ballet blanc.
        
        He was inspired by Isadora Duncan. He thought that ballet should be an alliance with other arts and thus reflect artistic unity and style. He brought back the male dancer as the central figure in ballet and experimented with various approaches to choreography
        
        He sought new ways to make ballet meaningful to 20th-century audiences. His ballets were different from Petipa's three- or four-hour-long evenings of ballets. Fokine condensed the story line into a one-act ballet.
        
        Fokine's 5 principles rescued ballet from its history as entertainment and transformed it into an expressive art
        
        Echt dance should use new forms of movements suitable to its subject and period
        
        Dance and mime should be used to express dramatic actions.
        
        Mime should be used only when the ballet's style dictates it: in other cases the dancer's whole body, not only the hand, should be used to communicate
        
        The corps de ballet should be used for plot developments and as a means of expression
        
        Ballet reflects the alliance of all the arts involved in it; music, scenery, dancing, costuming. Music should be a unified composition that is dramatically integrated with the plot.
        
        Anna Pavlova (1881 - 1931)
        
        Born in St. Petersburg, she entered the Imperial Ballet School in 1891 and joined the ballet company of the Maryinsky Theatre in 1899.
        
        Pavlova had already danced outside of Russia before she joined Diaghilev's Ballet Russes for its first season in Paris in 1909.
        
        In 1911 she created her own company,recruiting many English dancers and a series of male partners for herself, and performed in London and a U.S. tour. Her company's repertory included experimental dances that she choreographed, along with classical ballets.
        
        Vaslav Nijinsky (1890 - 1950)
        
        Nijinksy graduated from the Imperial Ballet School in 1908 and joined the Ballets Russes for the premiere season in 1909.
        
        After Fokine left the company in 1912, Nijinsky became the choreographer. That same year he created his first ballet, the controversial L'Apres-midi d'un fauna
        
        A revoltinary choreographer, Nijinsky shocked audiences with his experimental ballets. His innovations included the following:
        
        Dancers wore sandals or danced barefoot, and did not wear classical tutus.
        
        He used angular, jerky movements and parallel foot positions in his stylized choreography.
        
        He conveyed a strong sense of atmosphere
        
        He introduced sexual elements into his ballets
        
        His ballet Le Sacre du Printemps was strongly influenced by Dalcroze Eurhythmics, a musical system that trains the body to express rhythm and dynamics through movement.
        
        L'Apres-midi d'un fauna rejected conventional ballet technique and costuming, and included explicit sexual overtones. Even the sophisticated Paris audience was outraged at the ballet, the faun's costume and his suggestive movements.
        
        Created: L'Apres-midi d'un faune, Le Sacre du Printemps, Jeux, Tel Eulenspiegel
        
        Leonide Massine (1896 - 1979)
        
        Leonide Massine studier at the Imperial Ballet School in Moscow and joined the Ballets Russes in 1913. A protege of Diaghilev, he was the company's chief choreographer through 1921 (the Massine years of the Ballets Russes). He left the company to perform in South America but returned to Ballets Russes in 1925.
        
        Choreographed over 100 ballets. He was known for choreographing two typed of ballets: Story ballets, often with comic elements, satire and character dancing. Created: La Boutique Fantasque, Tricorne
        
        Parade (1917) lanced a new period in the Ballets Russes. A surrealistic look at street circuses, the ballet took its title from Picasso's visualization of the French and American circus managers as animated billboards. The ballet, which was intuited to be fun, was a landmark, not only for the Diaghilev troupe but for Picasso as well, marking the start of his design career in ballet and his interest in the art.
        
        Abstract work were perfomed to symphonic music. This new type of ballet was upsetting to musicians, who considers it presumptuous for a choreographer to create such work.
        
        Bronislava Nijinska (1891 - 1972)
        
        Sister of Vaslav Nijinsky, was born in Russio into a family of dancers. She graduated from the Imperial Ballet School in 1908 and joined the ballet company of the Maryinsky Theatre. in 1910 she joined Diaghilev's Ballets Russes for its Paris season, performing in Fokine's ballets.
        
        After dancing several years with opera companies in St. Peterusburg she rejoined Ballet Russes in 1921.
        
        Nijinsky began her choreographic career with Diaghilev, for whom she made het signature work, Les Noces. She created other experimental ballets for Diaghilev and other companies, most notably Les Bitches and Le Train Bleu
        
        Serge Diaghilev (1872 - 1929)
        
        He grew up in Perm, Russia, and as a child was interested in music, painting, and book.s Intending to study law, he went to St. Petersburg in 1890.
        
        As an impressionaro and found of the Ballets Russes, he devoted himself to ballet and his company until his death in Venice in August in 1929.
        
        1905, He was determined to show Russian art tot the West.
        
        In 1909 he produced 'Saison Russe', as series of Russian ballet and opera performances given in Paris with dancers Pavlova, Karsavina and Nijinsky, among others. This was the beginning of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes.
        
        He and the ballet company he created had a tremendous, long-term influence on 20th-centruy ballet, dancers and choreographers. This was a grand era in which Diaghilev has a vision.
        
        The English dancers who joined Diaghilev's Ballets Russes changed their names to Russian versions: British ballerina Lillian Alice Marks became Alicia Markova; English-born (of Irish descent) Sydney Francis Patrick Chippendall Healey-Kay became Anton Dolin.
      - Music Influence: Igor Stravinsky (1882 - 1971)
        
        Russian born Igor Stravinsky composed some of Diaghilev's most important ballet scores, such as Firebird, Petrouchka, Le Sacre du Printemps, Les Noces and Apollon Musagete. For Balanchine and the New York City Ballet, Stravinsky created Orpheus and Agon among other works.
        
        In Le Sacre du Printemps he used angular melodies, polyrhythms, and other musical elements that showed the influence of cubism.
        
        Distinguished composer to write for ballet since Tchaikovskt. Innovations in rhythm, and melodic richness brought new depth to various Ballets Russes choreographers' works. Dissonant, theatrical, inventive and complex.
        
        Balanchine and Stravinsky worked together on Apollon Musagette in 1928. The Stravinsky-Balanchine collaboration, which lasted for four decades stand as one of the most original and long-lasting artistic partnerships.