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Brain (Cerebrum (Organizations (Lobes (Frontal (largest, motor(pre-central…

- - - - Frontal
        
        largest, motor(pre-central gyrus/motor strip-body superior to inferior is corresponding to gyrus inferior to superior), neurons on the left control right body, initiation of voluntary motor movement, initiation of voluntary motor movement
        
        premotor: motor planning, Broca's area-speech motor planning (IFG)
        
        other functions: executive functions, cognition, planning and initiation
      - Parietal
        
        sensory: post-central gyrus (orderly and opposite)
        
        language: angular gyrus (reading comprehension), supramarginal gyrus (phonological processing)
      - Temporal
        
        auditory (Heschel's gyrus), auditory & receptive language processing
        
        Wernicke's area (language decoding)
      - Occipital: visual (Calcarine sulcus- visual stimulation receiver)
      - Insular
        
        revealed by deflecting temporal lobe
        
        taste, process emotions, self-perception, develop compassion & empathy
      - Limbic system
        
        not anatomically distinctive, including cingulate gyrus, uncus, parahippocampal gyrus and other deep structures
        
        motivations, sex drive, emotional behavior & affect
    - - superior frontal gyrus(SFG), middle frontal gyrus(MFG), inferior frontal gyrus(IFG), superior temporal gyrus(STG), middle temporal gyrus(MTG), inferior temporal gyrus(ITG)
      - pre-central gyrus & post-central gyrus are related to central gyrus that divides frontal & parietal lobes
      - angular gyrus(parietal, posterior of sylvian sulcus), supramarginal gyrus(above sylvian and anterior to anterior gyrus)
    - - grey matter: dense cell bodies-neurons
      - white matter
        
        myelinated axions-fiber tracts
        
        3 types
        
        Projection fibers(tracts running to & from the cortex of brainstem and spinal column)
        
        Association fibers(communication between regions of the same hemisphere-eg, arcuate fasciulus connects Wernicke's area & Broca's area)
        
        Commisural fibers (connect a location on one hemisphere to the corresponding location of another-eg, corpus callosum)
    - - 6 layers
      - Layer II, III, V, VI are pyramidal cells for motor function
      - The rest are nonpyramidal cells for sensory function or intercommunication between brain regions
  - - - corpus callosum: super-highway made of myelinated fibers, binding nerve fibers, connect both hemisphere (left & right)
      - paracentral lobule: union of pre & post central gyri
    - - olfactory sulcus: relay smell information
      - parahippocampal gyrus (part of limbic system): memory
      - pituitary gland: autonomic regulation
  - - - Pia mater: thin, innermost layer, directly opposed to neural tissue; support, protective & nurture
      - Arachnoid mater: lacy, spider-like, the natural formed subarachnoid space is filled with blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid
      - Dura mater: most super-facial, tough
  - - - bathes the CNS, produced by choroid plexus
      - provides cushion(from sudden violent movements by buoyancy effect)
      - removes waste (circulates from ventricles to subarachnoid space, rinses metabolic waste from CNS)
  - - - basal ganglia: initiate & control background movement; coordinate & smooth movement; caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus; root of Parkinson's disease
      - hippocampal formation: memory & smell; deep in inferior temporal lobe
    - - thalamus: all sensory information except olfaction
      - suthalamus: control of striated muscle
      - hypothalamus: organizational structure of the limbic system(basic emotions and drives); regulates reproductive behavior, desire for food, satiation perception, digestive and metabolic functions
- - - - colliculi: superior(visual) & inferior(auditory) colliculus-left & right
      - red nucleus: rostal of midbrain, primitive motor coordination
      - substania nigra: reward, addiction, movement
      - periaqueductual gary: modulate response to pain & threate
- - - - structural proteins for integrity
      - pump proteins for correcting ions balance
      - channel proteins for transporting ions
      - receptor protein for synaptic transmission
    - - soma: nucleus & organelles, keep cells functioning
      - dendrites: short with branches, receive & transmit information
      - axons: transmit away from soma, terminate by telodendria & boutons
      - boutons: mitochondria, synaptic vesicles, synaptic cleft
      - axion hillock: junction of soma & axon, action potential
      - myelin sheath: fatty warp of axon, speed up transmission {made up of Schwan cell in PNS, Oligodendrocytes in CNS}
      - Nodes of Ranvier: area between myelinated segments
    - - By structure
        
        monopolar (unipolar) & pseudo-unipolar neurons
        
        bipolar neurons
        
        multi-polar neurons
      - By function
        
        sensor neurons: sensory stimuli sensitive, receive connection from non-neural cells
        
        motor neurons: end directly on muscles/glands, typically bipolar, different in size, conduction velocity & degree of myelination
        
        interneurons: 99% of neurons
- - - - dentate: largest, send projections to thalamus & cortex, coordinate limb movements
      - emboliform & globose nucleus: unconscious proprioception (sense of body in space), send projections to red nulceus
      - fastigial nucleus: regulates vestibular system, send projections to pons & medulla, concerned with body posture