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Birth and Fertility- Chapter 5 (Measuring Fertility (Populations come in…
Birth and Fertility- Chapter 5
Common Period Measures
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
CBR
: The number of infants born into a population per 1000 persons (usually measured per year).
CBR = B (Vital Statistic) / P (Based on Enumeration) x 1000
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
: The weighted sum of all age-specific fertility rates for a given period
Age-Specific Fertility Rates (ASFR)
ASFR
: A measure of fertility based on the ratio of the number of children born to women of a given age and the number of women at that age.
ASFR (X to X + n) = (B x to x + n / W x to x +n) x 1000 where as Bx to x+n is the number of births to women between ages x and x+n, Wx to x+n is the number of woemn between ages x and x+n alive at midyear, and n ordinarily equals 5 years.
Total Fertility Rate
TFR is calculated from ASFRs, it is the weighted sum obtained by adding together the ASFRs for each cohort.
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
: The type of growth that occurs when births equal deaths and thus the rate of natural increase = 0.
Other Period Measures
General Fertility Rate (GFR)
: A measure that sums together all ASFRs in a population.
GFR = (B (number of births per year) / W 15-44 (total number of women of childbearing ages 15-44 at midyear) / 1000
Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR)
: A measure of the capacity for a population to maintain its size over the course of generations, it does not account for child or maternal mortality.
Net Reproduction Rate (NRR)
: The average number of female children born into a population and who survive to reproduce.
Child-Woman Ratio (CWR)
: A measure of fertility based on census or other survey data that compares the number of children at or below a certain age (e.g., five years) to the number of fertile women in the population.
CWR= P 0-5 (number of children under age of 5 ar midyear) / W 15-49 (number of women age 15-49 at midyear) x 1000
Cohort Measures
Cohort Measures
: Measures of fertility based on the observation of a group of women born or married at the same time as they proceed through their reproductive years.
Measuring Fertility
Populations come in explosions, booms, and collapses.
Birth
: The events more precisely called a "live birth", of a child being delivered and surviving at least momentarily.
Fertility
: The actual process of childbearing during a women's reproductive life.
Reproduction
: The ability of a population to maintain or surpass its size in future cohorts.
Natality
: The probability of the occurrence of births in a population.
Fecundity
: The absolute physical capacity to bear children.
Period Measures
: Measures, such as crude death rates, that apply to members of a population at a given date.
Cohort Measures
: Measures of fertility based on the observation of a group of women born or married at the same time as they proceed through their reproductive years.
Theories of Fertility
The Theory of Multiphasic Demographic Response
Multiphasic Demographic Response
: The ecological theory based on Kingsley Davis's model of demographic transition.
Relative Deprivation
: The perceived lack of material items during a period following more prosperous times.
The Theory of Intermediate Variables
Intermediate Variables
: The factors that limit fertility prior to intercourse, conception, or gestation.
Economic, Structural, and Cultural Theories
G.S. Becker: Quality of Children
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R. Easterlin: Relative Income
Coale: The Role of Values and Custom
Social Structure Theories
: Focus on the role of modernization and industrialization in process of fertility decline.
J. Caldwell: Wealth Flow Theory
Diffusion Theories
World Fertility: Levels and Trends
Fertility Decline in Asia
South Central and Western Asia continue to have highest fertility levels as well as some of the weakest family planning programs on the continent.
One child policy in China since 1970s
Delayed Transitions in Africa
Birth explosions since late 1990s
Latin America: Low Fertility, High Variability
Very high fertility populations.
1990-1998, CA experienced some of the most rapid fertility declines in the world.
Fertility in the United States
Colonial ear and 1940s, average family size declined almost continuously.
Postwar Trends and the Baby Boom
Baby Boom
: The period of high fertility experienced in the U.S. and other countries following WWII.
First boom in late 1940s and lasted through the 1950s.