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Circulation, Osmoregulation, and Excretion (Chapter 42 (Types of…

- - - - The circulate through the entire body
        
        Also removes waste from the cells in the body
        
        Specialized fluid that supplies essential substances around the body
    - - generated by the contraction of the heart vessel, exerting a force in all directions
        
        When part of the force directed lengthwise in an artery causes blood to flow away from the heart
        
        the site of highest pressure
    - - The mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
      - Tricuspid valve
      - Aortic valve
      - Pulmonic valve
      - Process
        
        Blood flows from right atrium into the right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve
        
        From the left atrium into the left ventricle through the open mitral valve
        
        Closed tricuspid and mitral valves
        
        Open pulmonic and aortic valve
        
        Closed pulmonic and aortic valves
  - - - fluid that circulates within the lymphatic system before draining into a pair of large veins
    - - Complex system of fluid drainage and transport, and immune response and disease resistance
    - - Fluid is then transported back into the bloodstreams via the lymph vessels
  - - - Single circulation
      - Contain a simple two-chambered heart
        
        composed of one atrium and one ventricle
    - - Double circulation
        
        Contains a 3 chambered heart
        
        two atria and a single ventricle
    - - Double circulation
        
        Four chambered heart
        
        Two atria and two ventricles
  - - - Tracheal system
        
        Network of air tubes that branch throughout the body
    - - Use a process of ventilation
        
        To promote ventilation most gill-bearing animals may either move their gills through the water or move water over their gills
      - Countercurrent exchange
        
        The exchange of a substance of heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions. Normally blood and water
    - - Localized respiratory organs
        
        Gap is bridged by the circulatory system for other body parts of the human
  - - - consists of a single pump and circuit
      - Blood passes from the sites of gas exchange to the rest of the body before returning to the heart
      - Consists of a double chambered heart with an atrium and ventricle
    - - consists of separate pulmonary and systemic circuits
        
        Blood passes through the heart after completing each circuit
      - Normally found in birds and mammals, also having a four-chambered heart
    - - Blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid
      - blood never leaves theblood vessels
        
        transferred from one blood vessel to another without entering a cavity
    - - Fluid called hemolymph bathes tissue organs directly
        
        There is no distinction between the circulating fluids and the interstitial fluid
        
        Blood vessels transport all fluids into a cavity
  - - - In a human one of the most important muscles involved are the the animals rib muscles and diaphragm
    - - Used by amphibians
      - Inflating the lungs with forced air-flow
    - - Used by mammals
      - Pulling rather than pushing air
- - - - face no substantial challenges in water balance
  - - - Animals that excrete ammonia need access to lots of water because ammonia can be tolerated only at low level concentrations
        
        Most common in aqautic species
    - - Much less suitable for land animals
        
        Very low toxicity
        
        Disadvantage: Energy cost
      - Product of an energy-consuming metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide in the liver
    - - Excreted by insects, land snails, many reptiles, and birds
        
        sometimes excreted by humans of small amounts from metabolism
      - Relatively non-toxic and does not readily dissolve in water
      - More expensive than urea, requiring considerable ATP for synthesis of ammonia
  - - - Face problem of gaining water by osmosis
  - - - Excretory organs that collect fluid directly from the coelem
    - - Organs that remove nitrogenous wastes and that also function in osmoregulation
        
        Remove waste from insects by producing urine and solid nitrogenous wastes, which are then excreted from the body
    - - Consists of a network of dead-end tubules that branch throughout the body
    - - Organ that functions in both osmoregulation and excretion
        
        Regulate the body's osmotic pressure in mammals
        
        Urine is a byproduct of the osmoregulatory function of kidneys
        
        Filter blood, reabsorb water and nutrients, secrete watses
  - - - Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
        
        Passive transport,does not require energy to be applied
  - - - Responsible for removing waste from the body
      - Blood filtration
    - - Renal tubule
        
        Loop
        
        Distal convoluted tubule
        
        Proximal convoluted tubule
      - Associated capillary network
      - A renal corpuscle