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In and Out (Chapter 42 (Types of Circulatory System (Single Circulation…

- - - - when the blood travels through the body and returns in a single loop
        
        Two-chambered heart
        
        Example
        
        sharks, bony fishes, and rays
    - - blood circulation has two loops
        
        Three-chambered heart
        
        Example
        
        amphibians, reptiles
        
        Four-chambered heart
        
        Example
        
        mammals
    - - where the hemolymph is the interstitial fluid that bathes body cells
    - - where the blood is confined to vessels from the interstitial fluid
  - - - carry's blood back to heart
    - - carry's blood from the heart to organs
    - - microscopic vessels with very thin porous walls
  - - - made up of plasma, blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
        
        Blood Pressure
        
        Systolic pressure
        
        blood pressure is highest when the heart contracts during ventricular systole
        
        flows from areas of higher pressure to lower pressure areas
        
        Normal Human Values
        
        Diastolic
        
        less than 80 mm Hg
        
        Systolic
        
        less than 120 mm HG
  - - - lymph
        
        recovered fluid that circulates within the lymphatic system
  - - - gills
        
        outfoldings of the body surface that are suspended in the water
      - lungs
        
        infoldings of the body surface; subdivided into numerous pockets
        
        breathes in oxygen molecules; breathes out carbon dioxide
      - tracheal system
        
        a network of air tubes that branch throughout the body
        
        trachea
        
        windpipe; opening is called glottis
      - larnyx
        
        allows food to go to the stomach without traveling into the lungs
      - bronchi
        
        each leads to one of the lungs; where the trachea branches out to
      - alveoli
        
        gas exchange in mammals
    - - Negative Pressure
        
        pulling air into their lungs
        
        muscles involved
        
        rib muscles, diaphragm, nostrils, mouth, breathing tubes, thoracic cavity, and the lungs
      - Positive Pressure
        
        inflating lungs with forced air flow
        
        muscles involved
        
        anterior sacs, posterior sacs, air tubes, and the lungs
- - - - when 2 solutions separated by a membrane differ in total solute concentration
      - water enters and leaves the cell
  - - - opposite of marine animals
        
        uptake salt ions by gills
        
        osmotic water gain through gills
        
        gain water and ions in food
        
        excretes salt ions and water in dilute urine from kidneys
    - - osmoconformers
        
        being isoosmotic with its surroundings
        
        gain water and salt ions from drinking seawater
        
        Osmotic water loss through gills
        
        gain water and salt ions from food
        
        Excretion
        
        salt ions from gills
        
        salt ions and water in scanty urine from kidneys
  - - - mammals, sharks, most amphibians, some bony fishes
    - - most aquatic animals; bony fishes
    - - birds, many other reptiles, insects, land snails
  - - - for transporting and storing urine
      - The Nephrons Within
        
        cortical nephrons
        
        85% of 1 million nephrons
        
        mainly for excretions
        
        juxtamedullary nephrons
        
        produces urine that is hyperosmotic to body fluids
        
        the other 15% of 1 million nephrons
    - - a duct that drains the urine into the common sac
    - - a tube that empties the urine to the outside
    - - where the urine is expelled from during urination