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A Circular Cycle of Systems (Circulation (Circulatory System (Closed…
A Circular Cycle of Systems
Circulation
Circulatory System
Closed
Circulates blood which is confined to the vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid
Single
Blood travels through the body in a single circuit
Open
Circulates hemolymph-the interstitial fluid-that bathes body cells
Double
Blood travels through the body in two circuits
Heart Types
Amphibian
Double Circulation-Double Circuit: Left and Right Atrium, Central Ventricle
Mammal
Double Circulation-Double Circuit: Left and Right Atrium/Ventricle
Fish
Single Circulation-Single Circuit: One Atrium and
One Ventricle
Blood Vessels
Veins
Vessels that carry blood back to the heart
Capillaries
Microscopic vessels that can form networks of Capillary Beds
Arteries
Carry blood from the heart to organs through the body
Lymphatic System
Lost fluids and proteins in the fluid are recovered and returned into the blood
The fluid-lymph-goes through the system and drains into a pair of veins at the neck
Blood
Blood Pressure
Is generated from the contractions of the heart. Highest when directed lengthwise
Healthy 20 year old value: 120/70 mm Hg
Composition/Function
Leukocytes
White Blood Cells
Defense and Immunity
Platelets
Blood Clotting
Erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells
Transport of O2 and CO2
Plasma
Liquid matrix that suspends the cells
Ions
pH buffering
regulation of membrane permeability
Osmotic balance
Plasma proteins
pH buffering
Defense
Osmotic balance
Lipid transport
Clotting
Osmoregulation
Osmosis
The process of moving water through a semi-permeable membrane from one region that has a high concentration to one with a low concentration.
Osmosis follows the measure of osmolarity in the two regions.
Solution that is more dilute is hypoosmotic
Solutions with the same osmolarity are isoosmotic
Solution with the higher concentration is hyperosmotic
Freshwater/Marine Animals
Marine
Have osmolarity that is the same as seawater
balance water balance by drinking lots of seawater
Freshwater
Body fluids must be hyperosmotic because they can't tolerate salt concentrations like a lake or river
water balance relies on excreting lots of dilute urine and drinking almost no water
Excretion
Excretory organs
Ureter
Tubes that carries urine from the kidneys into the the urinary bladder
Urinary Bladder
Stores urine which allows the excretion of urine to be infrequent and controlled
Kidney
Osmoregulation, filtering minerals from blood, filters waste from food and other substances, and produces urine
Urethra
Used for the excretion of urine through the vagina in a female, and through the penis of a male
Nephron
Peritubular capillaries
Collecting duct
Bowman's capsule
Proximal tubule
Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion
Distal tubule
Glomerulus
Vasa recta
loop of Henle
Waste production
Ammonia
Most aquatic animals which include most bony fish produce ammonia
Urea
Mammals, most amphibians, sharks, and some bony fish produce urea
Uric acid
Birds and many reptiles, insects, and land snails produce uric acid
Respiratory
Organs
Larynx
moves upward and tips the epiglottis when food is swallowed
Trachea
The windpipe that allows oxygen to flow into the lungs
Bronchus
The branches that branches from the trachea leading to each lung
Lungs
Organ that helps function with breathing but requires outside help
Bronchiole
Finer type of branch that comes from the bronchus
Gills
Use ventilation by moving water across the gills to take in oxygen
Alveolus
Ventilation, Diffusion, Perfusion
Breathing
Mammal
Use negative pressure breathing
Pull air into the lungs instead of pushing
expand the thoracic cavity using rib muscles and diapgragm
thoracic cavity relaxes for exhalation
Bird
Passes air in only one direction
Air sacs direct air flow in the lungs
Parabronchi are sites of gas exchange
passage of air requires two cycles
Amphibian
Uses positive pressure breathing
Lungs inflate with forced air flow
Muscles lower floor of oral cavity
floor rises with mouth and nostrils closed
air is expelled by elastic recoil of the lungs and compression of muscular body wall