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Understanding Energy & Matter (Viscosity (Flow Rate (The flow rate of…
Understanding Energy & Matter
Fluids Applications
Pascal's Law
Scientific law that states that, if pressure is applied to fluids that are confined, the fluids will then transmit that same pressure in all directions at the same time.
Atmospheric Pressure
Fluid Chambers
Buoyancy
The upward force that a fluid exerts on an object. For some objects it can be sufficient to overcome completely the force of gravity and cause the object to float.
Tells you whether the object floats or not
Examples: Oil spills (oil on top of the water)
Hydraulics and Pneumatics
Hydraulics: A closed system that is operated by the pressure of a liquid to do work.
Practical Applications: Hydraulic Press, Hydraulic Floor Jack (for motorcycles)
Closed vs. Open Systems
Pneumatics: A pneumatic system is a closed system that it powered by the pressure of a gas
Practical Applications: Air soft gun, Nerf gun, Dental drill, brakes
Aerodynamics:designed to reduce friction or drag
Practical Applications: Car designs, Birds, Bicycle Helmets, Golf balls (dimples)
Components of hydraulic and pneumonic systems
A pump (sometimes including cylinders and pistons) forces fluids through a system.
Valves keep the fluid moving in the desired direction at the desired time.
Conductors (tubing, hoses or pipes) provide a pathway to carry the fluid.
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A pressure gauge monitors pressure within the system.
Density
Weight
A measure of gravitational force (equal to the body's mass times the acceleration of gravity), commonly stated as a measure of the heaviness of an object
Is the force of gravity acting on an object.
The weight changes depending on the gravity acting on the object
The ratio of mass of an object to the volume it occupies.
Mass
A measure of the amount of matter an object has. Measure is given in grams (g) or kilograms (kg)
The mass never changes
Volume
Is the amount of space an object occupies Measure in numerous units, including litres (l), metres cubed (ms), and gallons (gal)
Viscosity
Flow Rate
The flow rate of a fluid refers to how quickly or slowly a fluid flows - the flow rate of a fluid is dependent on its levels of viscosity.
Units volume per minute
Temperature
The temperature of the fluid can impact its level of viscosity - the warmer the liquid, the less viscous it will be.
Thickness of Fluid
The thickness of a fluid is directly related to its level of viscosity - the thicker the fluid, the higher the viscosity
Low viscosity flows much faster
High viscosity flows slower
Particle Theory
The theory that explains the behaviour of solids, liquids, and gases. The particle theory of matter states that all matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving, that attract each other, and that have space between them.
Fluids
A state of matter, such as liquid or gas, in which the component particles (molecules) can move past one another. Fluids flow easily and conform to the shape of their containers.
Solids: are not fluids
The state of matter in which the molecules are packed tightly together and vibrate in place. A solid has a definite volume and a definite shape.
Liquid
A state of matter in which the molecules of a substance are close together but free to move relative to each other. A liquid has a definite volume but has not definite shape.
Practical Applications: water, juice, dish soap, syrup, honey, vegetable oil, shampoo
Gas
A state of matter in which the molecules of a substance are widely separated and can move freely. A gas has no definite shape or volume.
Practical Applications: oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide