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Pneumonia is an infection of the lung caused by bacteria or virus…
Pneumonia is an infection of the lung caused by bacteria or virus
Symptoms
Shortness of breath
Chest pain when breathing or coughing
Cough which may produce phlegm
Nausea and vomiting
Causes
Bacteria
Symptoms include rust or green colored phlegm
Virus
Symptoms similar to a severe bout of flu
Mycoplasma
Include white phlegm, nausea and vomiting
How does it affect gas exchange?
The alveoli in one or both lungs fill with pus & fluids which interferes with gas exchange
Over production of mucus & other fluids
Leading to difficulty breathing and inhibiting gas exchange in lung
Making it harder to supply the body with oxygen
The respiratory system anatomy
The upper respiratory system
Mouse and nose
Air enters and leave the lungs through the mouth and nostrils of the nose.
Nasal cavity
Air passes from the nose into the nasal cavity, and then the lung
Throat (pharynx)
Air from the mouth is sent to the lung via throat
Voice box (larynx)
This part of the throat helps air to pass into the lung & keeps out food & drinks
The lower respiratory tract
Bronchioles tree
Air passageways connecting trachea with alveoli; cleans, warms & moistens incoming air
pleurae
Produce lubricating fluid & compartmentalize lungs
Trachea (windpipe)
Air passageway cleans,warms & moistens incoming air
Alveoli
The main sites of gas exchange
Lungs
House respiratory passages smaller than the main bronchi
Respiratory physiology
Pulmonary venule
Carrying oxygenated blood
Pulmonary artriole
Carrying deoxygenated blood
Alveolar sac
Sac of many alveoli, that exchange oxygen & carbon dioxide in the lung
Bronchiole
Conduct air from the bronchi to the alveoli
Pores of kohn
Collateral ventilation. if the lung is partially deflated ventilation can occur to some extent through
Alveolar duct
Assist alveoli in handing proper gas exchange as when air arrives in a specific volume
Alveoli
Are an important part of the respiratory system. exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to & form the bloodstream
Pulmonary capillaries surrounding the alviole
Gas laws that describe the diffusion of gasses across membranes,
Daltons's law of partial pressure
Partial pressure exerted by each gas in mixture
Oxygen makes up to 20.9% of air. Po2= 0.20x760mm Hg=159 mm Hh
At high attitude parial pressure declines but at lower attitude partial pressure increase significantly
Henry's law
Amount of each gas dissolved at any give partial pressuredepens on
Solubility
CO2 is 20x more soluble in water than O2, which is 2x more than N2
Temperature
As temperature of liquid rises, gas solubility decreases
Partial pressure
Inspired air Po2 160 mm Hg, Pco2 0.3 mm Hg
Alveoli of lungs; Po2 104 mmHg, Pco2 40 mm Hg
Blood leaving lungs & entering tissue capillaries; Po2 100 mm Hg, Pco2 40 mmHg
Tissue; Po2 less than 40 mm Hg, Pco2 greater than 45 mm Hg
Blood leaving tissue & entering lungs; Po2 40mm Hg, Pco2 45 mm Hg
How elevation affects partial pressure
Attitude affects air pressure due to gravity
Gravity causes the pressure to increase or decrease based on the air's distance from sea level
Pressure decreases at higher altitude
At higher altitudes molecules in the air are less affected by gravity
This causes them to have less weight, facilitating their expansion
Molecules closer to the earth's surface are pulled closer together due to gravity which causes an increase in air pressure
The effects of inflammation on the respiratory system
causes
Pathogens
Exposure to toxins
Pollutants
Irritants & allergens
Effects
Inflammation causes air sacs, called alveoli, to fill up with fluid or pus
Trouble breathing
coughing
coughing up yellow or brown mucus
Causes of fluid in the lung
High altitude pulmonary edema
Acute respiratory distress
Pulmonary embolism
Fluid in the lung symptoms
Cough
Shortness of breath
(Dyspnea) Difficulty breathing
(Tachypnea) rapid breathing
(Hypoxia) low level of oxygen in the blood