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chapter 42 (lymphatic system (The lymphatic system is composed of lymph…
chapter 42
lymphatic system
The lymphatic system is composed of lymph vessels, lymph ducts, lymph nodes and organs
Lymph vessels are located as a network throughout all tissues in the body. Lymph vessels assist the circulatory system and all the cells of the body by removing wastes, germs and excess water from the tissue fluid
Lymph is a clear-to-white fluid made of: White blood cells, especially lymphocytes, the cells that attack bacteria in the blood
and
Fluid from the intestines called chyle, which contains proteins and fats
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blood transport
arteries, veins, and capillaries
Smaller arteries called arterioles diverge into capillary beds, which contain 10-100 capillaries that branch among the cells and tissues of the body.
Capillaries carry blood away from the body and exchange nutrients, waste, and oxygen with tissues at the cellular level.
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Capillaries have one layer of cells (the endothelial tunic or tunica intima) where diffusion and exchange of materials takes place.
Veins and arteries have two more tunics that surround the endothelium: the middle tunica media is composed of smooth muscle that regulates blood flow, while the outer tunica externa is connective tissue that supports blood vessels.
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blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure: how much pressure your blood is exerting against your artery walls when the heart beats.
Diastolic blood pressure: how much pressure your blood is exerting against your artery walls while the heart is resting between beats.
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vasodilation, an increase in
diameter that causes blood pressure in the arteries to fall
normal human blood pressure figures vary slightly, but a healthy adult will maintain a 120 over 80 typically
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chapter 44
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excretory organs
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urinary system
Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery, which branches into capillaries.
When blood passes through capillaries of the glomerulus of a nephron, blood pressure forces
some of the water and dissolved substances in the blood to cross the capillary walls into Bowman’s capsule.
The filtered substances pass to the renal tubule of the nephron. In the renal tubule,
some of the filtered substances are reabsorbed and returned to the bloodstream.
Other substances are secreted into the fluid.
The fluid passes to a collecting duct, which reabsorbs some of the water and returns
it to the bloodstream.
The fluid that remains in the collecting duct is urine.
Nephrons are the structural and functional units of the kidneys. A single kidney may have more than a million nephrons
Nephron make up
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Glomerulus: The glomerulus is the network known as a tuft, of filtering capillaries located at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle in Bowman's capsule
Bowman's capsule: The Bowman's capsule, also called the glomerular capsule, surrounds the glomerulus. Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are filtered through the visceral layer of podocytes, resulting in the glomerular filtrate.
Renal tubule: The renal tubule is the portion of the nephron containing the tubular fluid filtered through the glomerulus.[4] After passing through the renal tubule, the filtrate continues to the collecting duct system
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