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Chapter 18: Classification and Systematics (Cladistics (Understanding…
Chapter 18: Classification and Systematics
Other Types of Classification Systems
Artificial Systems of Classifications
easy plant identification
key characters
Classification Systems for Fossils
combines artificial and natural systems
understand evolution
form genera
Levels of Taxonomic Categories
species
set of individuals closely related
genera
closely related species
Family
Order
Class
Division
Kingdom
end in -phyta
end in -opsida
end in -ales
grouped genera
end in -aceae
monophyletic
natural
polyphyletic
unnatural
species epithet
#
taxon
Taxonomic Studies
explorations
hunt for new food, ornamental, and beauty
preliminary studies
international code of botanical nomenclature
declare new species
type specimen
in
herbariums
isotopes
Cladistics
Understanding Cladograms
cladogram
diagram showing evolutionary patterns
node
=branch
divergence of 1 taxon into 2
has common ancester
clade
nodes and branches from common ancester
common ancestor
most recent
apomorphy
symplesiomorphy
a shared ancestral condition
paraphyletic group
does not contain all decendants
parsimony
simple hypothesis
not simple?
unresolved polychotomy
Cladograms and Taxonomic Categories
basal angiosperms
eudicots
method of analyzing phylogenetic evolutionary relationships
synapomorphies
#
homologous features
common ancestor
Determination
scanning electron microscopy
plastids
ranges of metabolism
DNA sequencing
homoplasies
analagous features
convergent evolution
no common ancestry
natural selection pressure
The Major Lines of Evolution
#
3 Domains
Bacteria
cyanobacteria
chrlorophyll a
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom Plantae
Phylogeny
hereditary relationships of any group of organisms
systematics
understanding of evolutionary lines
nomenclature
naming
used for naming
critically important in taxon
related
