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Ch 42 +44 (Major excretory organs and functions (urinary bladder (where…
Ch 42 +44
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How does osmosis work
When osmolarity is the same in two solutions, water will flow from each side to the other at the same rate, but there is no NET movement of water by osmosis between solutions with same osmolarity
When solution 1 is higher than solution 2 , solution 1 would be considered the hypeosmotic and with the lower concentration it's hypoosmotic
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Water flows from HYPOOSMOTIC TO HYPERSOMOTIC one, reducing concentration difference for both sides
arteies veins capillaries, compare contrast
Veins
Veins contain valves, are activated by movement of muscles, they sueeze and make veins actually move the blood
carry deoxygenated blood, no pressure similar to a pulse pushing backk
Carry blood toward the heart, only about 1/3 of artery thickness
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Arteries
contain no valves, are pressured when heart contracts
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Carry blood away from hear, really thick,
types of hearts
Frog
has 2 circuits, systemic, pulmonary
two atria, one ventricle , These amphibians have advantage of temporarily disabling blood flow to lungs, when in water, skin does the gas exchange while they're underwater
Mammal
same circuits for frog, 4 chambers, 2 atria, 2 ventricles ,
The two ventricles contract, and put out same volume of blood, but total systemic circuit put out more than the pulmonary circuit
Fish
Heart has 2 chambers, 1 atrium, 1 ventricle, blood flows one way
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lymph circulation
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about 4-8 L of lymph are lost from capillaries and moved to surrounding tissues,
What is osmosis
A term for how generally animals regulate water loss and water gain,
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happens when a water enters and leaves the cell, the two solutions separated by a membrane that differ in total solute concentration
blood pressure
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What it is
pressure from the ventricles is measured with two numbers, SYSTOLIC and DIASTOLIC
ssytolic is when the pressure is exerted, diastolic is when the pressure in there is relaxed for the second
what is breathing?
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Negative pressure
Negative pressure breathing like mammals, through pulling of the diaphram
When we breathe in, rib cage expands as ribs contract, when we exhale, the rib cage gets small because rib muscles relax or release from contracting
Muscles involved
surfuctant, which coats alveoli
diaphram pulls down, negative pressure fills up the lungs, even though we feel like were forcing air up the nostrils
bronchi, b ronchioles, trachea, alveoli, pharnyx, esophagus , diaphram
respiratory organ function, SKIN , Lungs, Gills
Gills
fro fish, blood flows through the lamellae where they pick up 02 from water passing through the gills
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Lungs
composed of trachea, bronchi, broncioles, and alveoli
Alveoli is where the gas exhange occurs in lung bearing animals , mammals and avian species have lungs, not all the same stuff but lung sin common yes
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which organisms produce, ammonia, urea, or uric acid wastes
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WHAT is ammonuia ?
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A lot of mechanisms have evolved for this function, riffing the body of f=dangerous metabolic wastes products, called excretion,
circulatory systems
Open
The circulatory fluid is called HEMOLYMPH, or interstitial fluid
Common animals, includes grasshoppers,Molluscs,
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Closed
has, veins,arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, venules
single or double
Single-like in fish, sharks, ONLY GOES ONE WAY, CLOCKWISE
Double- in lizards, humans, , in mammals its 4 chambers, in amphibians its 3 roughly
Circulatory fluid being blood ADVANTAGE, Effective for O2 delivery for larger more energy using animals
Blood function, blood pressure
Blood pressure normal values are anywhere from 120/70, etc, anything higher than 180 systolic is b=high
PLASMA, ERYTHOCYTES, LEUKOCYTES
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Albumin and antibodies for defense a,d ph balance and buffering
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