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Community Ecology (Concepts (Climax Community (Starts as a disturbed patch…

- - - - Undergoes succession
  - - - Yellowstone National Park
  - - - Becomes several small areas
- - - - All population species must be considered
    - - Region is composed of many discrete patches
      - Some patches can occupy species
        
        Some patches cannot inhabit species
      - Empty patches will become colonized
        
        by migration from occupied patches
      - Population individuals have probability of extinction
  - - - Due to migration of species from high-quality patches
  - - - Released in a new area
- - - - interactions between factors
      - To understand why herbivores eat plants
        
        Why do they ignore other types of plants?
    - - Produced by optimal foraging theory
      - Makes 4 predictions
        
        Predators prefer which prey yields most energy
        
        If High yield prey become scarce
        
        Predators should go after lower yield prey
        
        Some prey will always be eaten if encountered
        
        Probability of a plant being eaten depends on
        
        Abundance of plants that are easy to handle
        
        Abundance of plants that have higher value
  - - - Resource competition occurs
      - When organism actually consumes shared source
      - Makes it less available to others
    - - One organism restricts other organisms access
      - First organism might not even use the resource
  - - - Feeding Rate
        
        Two combined= Functional response
      - Handling time
    - - predatory functional response is dependent upon prey
      - Feeding is faster if more prey are available
    - - If predatory pop. is greater than line
        
        Prey pop. will decline
      - Line= Zero-growth isocline
    - - Overexploit of the prey by predator
      - Both species will go extinct
    - - Harvest just enough to remain at that point
      - Population would remain stable
      - Most is unknown
    - - Population health is determined by amount of fish/deer
      - That are able to be harvested/hunted
        
        With a particular amount of effort
      - If healthy
        
        Will be abundant
      - If Sparse
        
        Will be fewer
    - - Fisherman/hunters are allowed to gather a particular amount
      - Ex) One deer per hunter
      - Depends on the population size
- - - - But does not receive any benefit
    - - First organism facilitates the presence of the other
      - Ex) beavers
  - - - Alter small area right below them
      - Favorable environment for seedlings
  - - - Ex) Volcanoes and Glaciers
- - - - Especially for a real community
- - - - Common Observation
      - Aspect of community being studied
    - - Relationship between area and species
      - Formula: S=cA^z
    - - Number of species in each abundance class
      - More realistic than Species-area relationship
        
        Also checklist
  - - - Northern regions
        
        Far fewer species
        
        Places like Canada, Siberia, and Alaska
        
        More severe Conditions
      - Southern Regions
        
        Far more species
        
        Places like Amazon Rain forest, Africa, and Asia
        
        More benign environments
      - Amount of rainfall
        
        Plants need water to grow/live
        
        Animals need water to live