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PHOTOSYNTHESIS (PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS: THE LIGHT RECEPTORS (PIGMENT…

- - - - a graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength
    - - the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths of light can be measured with this instrument
    - - key light- capturing pigment that participates directly in the light reaction
    - - the accessory pigment, is a form of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll b helps in photosynthesis by absorbing light energy
    - - profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiations in driving the process
    - - typically yellow, red, and orange, that interact with chlorophylls inside chloroplasts when they absorb light primarily for photosynthesis and protection from photodamage, and are also found in chromoplasts where they are produced and stored
  - - - contains P680 chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction- center complex
    - - contains P700 molecules
- - - - MESOPHILL
        
        the tissue in the interior of the leaf
      - STOMATA
        
        Carbon dioxide enters the leaf, and oxygen exits, by microscopic pores
      - STROMA
        
        A chloroplast has two membranes surrounding a dense fluid
      - THYLAKOIDS
        
        Suspended within the stroma is a third membrane system,made up of sac
      - CHLOROPHYLL
        
        the green pigment that gives leaves their color, resides in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast
  - - - An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy. Green plants, algae, and certain bacteria are autotrophs.
    - - A heterotroph is an organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter.
- - - - the light reaction also generate ATP, using chemiosmosis to power the addition of phosphate group to ADP
  - - - The process by which photosynthetic organisms such as plants turn inorganic carbon (usually carbon dioxide) into organic compounds (us. Carbohydrates).
      - A co2 molecule combines with a five-carbon acceptor molecule, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate,This step makes a six-carbon compound that splits into two molecules of a three-carbon compound, 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA). This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase, or rubisco
    - - In the second stage, ATP and NADPH are used to convert the 3-PGA molecules into molecules of a three-carbon sugar, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). This stage gets its name because NADPH donates electrons to, or reduces, a three-carbon intermediate to make G3P.
    - - Some G3P molecules go to make glucose, while others must be recycled to regenerate the RuBP acceptor. Regeneration requires ATP and involves a complex network of reactions, which my college bio professor liked to call the "carbohydrate scramble
    - - Photorespiration
        
        is a wasteful pathway that occurs when the Calvin cycle enzyme rubisco acts on oxygen rather than carbon dioxide
      - The majority of plants are C3 plants, which have no special features to combat photorespiration.
      - C4 plants minimize photorespiration by separating initial CO2 fixation and the Calvin cycle in space, performing these steps in different cell types
      - Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants minimize photorespiration and save water by separating these steps in time, between night and day.
- - - - WAVELENGTH
        
        the distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves
      - ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
        
        the entire range of radiation
      - VISIBLE LIGHT
        
        it can be detected as various colors by the human eye
      - PHOTONS
        
        A photon is a quantum of radiant energy with a visible wavelength. It is an elementary particle that is its own antiparticle. It is a discrete concentration of energy.