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Congenital Heart Disease (Risk Factor (Alochol used during pregnancy…

- - - - Truncus Areriosus
      - Bulbus Cordis
      - Primitive Ventricle
      - Primitive Atrium
      - Venous Sinus
  - - - Septum Primum
      - Septum Secundum
      - Endocardial Cushion Tissue
        
        Tricuspid Valve
        
        Mitral Valve
        
        Part of Atrial Septum
        
        Part of Ventricular Septum
  - - - Right Ventricle
      - Left Ventricle
  - - - Development of Ventricular Septal Defect
      - 30 - 50% of small VSD often close Spontaneously within the first year
      - Muscular VSD less prevalent form of defect, which can occur anywhere in the IVS muscle section
      - Due to unnecessary cavitation of myocardial tissue during the development
- - - - Genetic causes
        
        TBX5 Mutation
        
        GATA4 Mutation
        
        Encode zinc-finger transcription factor of the GATA family
        
        NKX2.5 Mutation
        
        Encodes homeobox containgin transcription factor (at 5q35.1)
      - Chromosomal Abnormalities
        
        Trisomy 18
        
        almost 100% case are found with heart malformation
        
        Trisomy 21
        
        About 50% case are found with heart malformation
        
        Turner Syndrome
        
        45 XO (deletion of X chromosome), about 35% of the case are found with heart malformation
        
        Williams Syndrome
        
        Microdeletion at 7q11.23, cardiac malformation that often found in this syndrome is supravalvular aortic stenosis and pulmonary stenosis
      - Environmental Causes
        
        Congenital Rubella Syndrome
        
        Exposure to teratogens
        
        Adverse Maternal Conditions
        
        Consumption of Drugs
- - - - Large Defect Hyperactivity precordium due to volume overload and pressure on ventricular dextra
      - Usually can be found P waves in the enlarged left atrium, or high Q waves in the R and latreral areas
      - Pressence of high R waves in V1 and changes in right axis show RVH and Pulmonary Hypertension
    - - Determine Pulmonary Artery Pressure and Resistance, reversibility of re resistance using oxygen, nitric oxide, prostaglandins or adenosine
      - to evaluate intracardiac flow
      - Diagnose Congenital heart defects
      - Determine the function of valves and chambers of the heart
      - Pulse oximetry is also performed to measure oxygen levels in the blood
  - - - Dilated main Pulmonary Artery and Pulmonary Plethora
    - - Membranous Septum
      - Muscular Septum
    - - The contrast material sent to the right form LV through a small apical Muscular Ventricular Septal Defect
- - - - Located below semiluar Valves at the septum of RV above crista supraventricularis
    - - The most common type until 80% of the defects and its located at the membranous septum inferior
    - - Located at inferior part to the inlet valves, usually presents with Down Syndrome
    - - Located at the muscular septum of IVS until 20% of VSD patoens
- - - - Hole in the ventricle wall (VSD)
      - Hole in the Atrium
      - Bridging between Aorta & Pulmonary Artery (PDA)
  - - - Blue blood in the left ventricle
        
        Blue blood pumped out toward the whole body
        
        Appearance of blue tint on skin, lips, and nails
- - - - Pros
        
        Make the blood vessels dilated and will improve blood flow
      - Cons
        
        Lack Pulmonary Specificity
        
        Jaw Pain, Nausea, Diarrhea, Leg Cramps, Pain, and infection at the injection site