Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
A 70 year old female having viral lung infection (Background Information…
A 70 year old female having viral lung infection
Background Information
Gross anatomy of lungs
Lungs occupy all thoracic cavity except mediastinum
Apex
Superior at tip and deep to clavicle
Base
Inferior surface resting on diaphragm
Costal surface
Anterior, lateral and posterior surface
Hilum
Entrance and exit of blood vessels, bronchi and nerves
Root
Attaches bronchiole to mediastinum
Left Lung
Divided into superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissure
Right Lung
Divided into superior, middle and inferior lobes
Lungs are alveoli and the rest area is stroma that makes lungs elastic and spongy
Blood supply of lungs
Blood is circulated in two ways
Pulmonary
Arteries that supplies systemic venous blood to lungs
Bronchial
Arteries arise from aorta and supplies oxygenated blood to all lung tissue except alveoli
Pulmonary plexus
Allows nerve fibers to enter each lungs and it contains parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers
Pleurae
A thin double layer serosa membrane that divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments
Visceral pleurae
Membrane on external lung surface
Parietal Pleurae
A membrane around heart and between lungs
Pleural fluid
Fills pleural cavity between two pleurae and expands and recoil the lungs
Gas laws
Dalton's law
States that the total pressure exerted by mixture of gases is equal to sum of partial pressures exerted by each gas
Partial pressure
Pressure exerted by each gas in mixture
Henry's law
States that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, the gas will dissolve proportion to its partial pressure
Boyle's law
Relationship between pressure and volume of a gas
Pressure is inversely proportional to volume
P1V1=P2V2
Respiration
Involves 4 processes
External respiration
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood
Internal respiration
Exchange of carbon dioxide between systemic blood vessels and tissues
Pulmonary ventilation
Movement of air in and out of lungs
Transport of respiratory gases
Oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood
Ventilation
It consists of two phases
Inspiration
Flow of gases into the lungs
Expiration
Gases flows out of the lungs
Partial pressure
Pressure exerted by each gas in mixture and is directly proportional to it's percentage in mixture
At elevation partial pressure decreases and at depression (lower altitude) the partial pressure increases
O2 makes 20.9% of air so Pressure of O2=0.209x760mm Hg=159 mm Hg
Respiratory physiology
Respiratory zone starts when terminal bronchioles went inside respiratory bronchioles, which makes up alveolar ducts and finally into alveolar sacs
Alveolar sacs
It contain clusters of alveoli
300 million alveoli makes up most lung volume
It is a site of exchange of gases and has large surface area
Respiratory membrane
A thin membrane that act as a blood barrier
It consists of alveolar and capillary walls
Allows gas exchange from
simple diffusion
Alveolar
Consist of two walls
Simple squamous epithelium (alveolar type 1)
Forms majority of walls
Scattered cuboidal epithelium (alveolar type 2)
Secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
Features of Alveolar
Alveolar macrophages keeps it's surface uninfected
Cilia carry dead macrophages to throat and swallowed
It is surrounded by fine elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries
Respiratory Inflammation
Pneumonia
Inflammation of terminal bronchioles and alveoli
Respiratory inflammation is an essential component of many lung diseases
Effects of inflammation on respiratory system
Asthma
Lung cancer
Lung diseases
Upstream Causes
She is 70 and is at high elevation and got breathing problem and yes these factors are connected to each other.
Downstream effects
The partial pressure decreases at high altitude and since she is 70 year old and is at high elevation, she developed viral infection and has wet, shallow breathing
Visiting at high elevations the fluid gets into the lungs and is known as pulmonary edema and results in breathing problems