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Chapter 10 (Photosynthesis (chloroplasts (Mesophyll (Stomata (Stroma…

- - - - The tissue in the interior of the leaf.
      - Stomata
        
        microscopic pores
        
        Stroma
        
        A chloroplast has two membranes surrounding a dense fluid called stroma.
        
        Thylakoid
        
        Suspended within the stroma is a third membrane system, made up of sacs called thylakoid, which segregates the stroma from the thylakoids space inside these sacs.
        
        Chlorophyll
        
        Green pigment that gives leaves their color, resides in the thylakoid membrane choroplast.
        
        light reaction
        
        the photo part of photosynthesis
  - - - Obtain organic material by second major mode of nutrition. Unable to make their own food, they live on compounds produced by organisms (hetero-other). they are biosphere's consumer.
  - - - The light reactions also generate ATP, using chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group ADP, a process called Photophosphorylation.
      - Carbon fixation
        
        incorporation of carbon into organic compounds known as carbon fixation.
- - - - a molecule capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced.
      - Photosystem (PSII) and Photosystem (PSI)
        
        They were named in order of their discovery, but photosystem II functions first in the light reaction.
        
        linear electron flow
        
        it occurs during the light reactions of photosynthesis.
        
        cyclic electron flow
        
        Photoexcited electrons can take an alternative path called cyclic electron flow.
  - - - Photons
        
        Spectrophotometer
        
        Absorption
        
        Chlorophyll A
        
        Chlorophyll B
        
        Action Spectrum
        
        2 more items...
        
        The accessory pigment and separate group of accessory pigment called carotenoids.
        
        the key light-capturing pigment that participates directly in the light reactions.
        
        A graph plotting a pigments light absorption versus wavelength is called absorption spectrum.
        
        The ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelength of light can be measured with an instrument called spectrophotometer.
        
        The mode of light as wave explains many of light's properties, but certain respects light behaves as though it consist of discrete particles called photons.
      - The radiation is known as visible light because it can be detected as various colors by the human eye.
- - - - The calvin cycle incorporates each CO2 molecule, one at a time, by attaching it to a five carbon sugar name ribulose biophosphate.
      - Phase 2: reduction
        
        receives an additional phosphate group from ATP, becoming 1,3-biosphoglycerate.
        
        Phase 3: Regenration of CO2 acceptor (RuBP)
        
        complex series of reactions, the carbon skeletons of five molecules of G3P are are rearranged by the last steps of the Calvin cycle into three molecules of RuBP.
- - - - Peroxisomes and mitochondria within the plant cell rearrange and split this compound, releasing CO2.
      - Bundle-sheath cells
        
        arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf.
        
        PEP carboxylase
        
        The first step is carried out by an enzyme present only in mesophyll cells called PEP carboxylase.
        
        Crassulaccean metabolism
        
        after the plant family crassulaceae, the succulents in which the process was first discovered.
        
        CAM plants
        
        store the organic acids they make during the night in their vacuoles until morning, when the stomata close.