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Elderly female Osteoporosis history chronic type 2 diabetes mellitus high…

- - - - Anteroinferior to the ureter and directly anterior to vagina
      - Anterior to the rectum and superior to the prostate gland
  - - - Mucosa
      - Muscularis
      - Adventia
  - - - Male Urethra
        
        Urinary and reproductive functions
        
        Passageway for urine and semen
      - Female Urethra
        
        Single function, transport urine out of the body
    - - Internal urethral sphincter
        
        Involuntary
        
        Controlled by the autonomic nervous system
      - External urethral sphincter
        
        Voluntary
        
        Controlled by the somatic nervous system
  - - - Where vessels, nerves, and the ureter connect tot the kidney
- - - - Due to sudden decrease in estrogen levels
- - - - Three continuous sections
        
        The nephron loop
        
        Two limbs
        
        Ascending limb
        
        Descending limb
        
        The distal convoluted tubule
        
        The proximal convoluted tubule
        
        1st region of the renal tubule
    - - Two structures
        
        The glomerular capsule
        
        Formed by two layers
        
        Parietal layer
        
        External
        
        Visceral layer
        
        Internal
        
        Directly overlies the glomerular capillaries
        
        Capsular space
        
        Receives the filtrate
        
        Modified to form urine
        
        The glomerulus
        
        Thick tangle of capillary loops
        
        Exits by an efferent arteriole
        
        Enters by an afferent arteriole
      - Housed within renal cortex
      - Enlarged, bulbous portion of a nephron
      - Two opposing poles
        
        The tubular pole
        
        Where the renal tubule originates
        
        The vascular pole
        
        Both the afferent and efferent arterioles attach to the glomerulus
  - - - Long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla
  - - - Relatively short nephron loop that barely penetrates the medulla
- - - - Slowing the rate of bone loss
      - Attempting to stimulate new bone growth
- - - - Hemodialysis
        
        Patients blood is cycled through a machine
        
        Filters waste products across a specially designed membrane
      - Peritoneal dialysis
        
        Permanently placed catheter into the peritoneal cavity
- - - - Pushes out of the glomerulus and into the capsular space of the renal corpuscle
        
        Capillaries are more vulnerable to damage due to high blood pressure
- - - - They act as if dehydrated
        
        Releasing hormones that stimulate the body to retain sodium and water
        
        Blood vessels fill with additional fluid
        
        Blood pressure goes up