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IMMUNE (Humoral (antibody-mediated) (most are plasma cells= antibodies…

- - - - Primary Immunological Response
        
        cells proliferate and differentiate upon exposure of antigen for the 1st time
        
        peak levels of plasma antibody are reached in 10 days
      - Secondary Immunological Response
        
        re0exposure to same antigen much faster
        
        respond in hours
        
        antibodies levels reach in2-3 days
        
        antibodies levels are high fro weeks
  - - - NATURALLY ACQUIRED: bacterial/ viral infection
      - ARTIFICALLY ACQUIRED: vaccine
  - - - NATURALLY ACQUIRED: antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta through milk
      - ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED: injection of serum, gamma globulins
- - - - able to respond to same antigen more quickly 2nd tie encountered
      - B and T memory cells and effector T cells circulate continuously
  - - - selects T cells capable of recognizing self MHC
- - - - cell infected by viruses
      - cancerous/ abnormal cells
      - foreign cells
    - - when antigen bind to T cell receptor
    - - HELPER T CELLS (CD4)
        
        from antigen binding cytokines
        
        activate B cells and other helper t cells
        
        inform macrophage/dendritic of problem
        
        bound to MHC 2 recptor
      - REGULATORY T CELLS
        
        moderate immune response
        
        prevent autoimmune disease
        
        release inhibitory cytokines
      - MEMORY CELLS
        
        remember previous antigenic event
      - CYTOTOXIC
        
        Are killer, capable of destroying cells threat foreign antigens invaded
        
        deliver lethal hit; release perforin and granzymes
        
        circulate blood, lymph, lymph organ in search or antigen
        
        CD8 requires T helper and dendritic fro activation
  - - - t cells TCR bind to antigen MCH complex on APC surface
    - - complete T cells activation require T cell to bind to one or more co-stimulators on surface
    - - t cells are activated and enlarged and proliferate response to cytokines
      - primary T response peak in a week
      - Apoptosis between 7-30 days
      - active t cell-= HAZARD= produce lg cytokines
    - - Chemical msg
      - INTERFERONS
        
        warn other cells about viruses
      - INTERLUKINS
        
        release macrophages, stimulate immune response
- - - - recongized by CD4/ helper t celss
  - - - Phagocytize pathogen in connective tissue and lymphoid organs
      - present antigen to T cells, activate T cells and activate macrophage
    - - phagocytize pathogen (skin) to present antigen to T cells in lymph node
    - - present antigen to helper T cells ( so B cell activate into army of effector cell)
- - - - 1st antibody release
      - potent agglutinating agent
      - fixes and activates complements
    - - mucus and other secretions
      - prevents entry of pathogens
    - - surface of B cells
      - B cell recptor
    - - 75-85% in plasma
      - 2nd and late primary response
      - placenta barrier
    - - allergies and parasitic infections
      - mast cells and basophils to release histamine
  - - - antibodies block specific sites on viruses
      - prevent antigens from binding to receptor on tissue cells
    - - antigen-antibody complexes become cross linked into Ig clumps
    - - antibodies bind with floating
      - precipitated complexes eaten by phagocytes
    - - main antibody defense against cellular antigens
      - complement fixation leads to cell lysis
- - - - type 1 diabetes mellitus
      - rheumatoid arthritis
      - multiple sclerosis
      - Graves Disease
  - - - Pneumocystis pneumonia
      - kapasi sarcoma
- - - - Acid: acidity of mucus
      - Mucin: mucus, reparatory and digestive line
      - Defensins: antimicrobial peptide inhibit microbial growth
    - - Phagocytes: digest foreign invaders use definsin to pierce membrane
        
        Macrophage: develop from monocytes:
        
        FREE MACROPHAGE: wander through tissues space
        
        Fixed Macrophage: permanent residents of organs
        
        Stellate Macrophage(liver) microglia brain
        
        Natural Killer Cell: nonphagocytoic, lg granular lymphocyte, POLICE
        
        kill cancer cell and virus infected cell before adaptive immune
        
        "poke" cell with PERFONIN= fill with granzymes
        
        APOPTOSIS
        
        secrete CYTOKINES that enhance inflammatory response
        
        INFLAMMATION: trauma, heat, chemicals; 4 CARDINAL SIGNS (HEAT, REDNESS, SWELLING, PAIN)
        
        Inflammatory chemical release: chemical release into EFC
        
        Histamine release= mast cell
        
        kinins, prostaglandins, cytokines, pathogens involved in COMPLEMENT
        
        cause vasodilation, attract phagocytes
        
        Vasodilation= hypernia
        
        Increase vascular permeability: edema, swell pushes on nerve
        
        Phagocyte Mobilization: neutrophils flood area 1st, macrophage follow
        
        if inflammation is due to pathogen= complement activated
        
        1.) leukocytosis: release of neutrophils from injury
        
        margination: projections= cell adhesion molecules (cam), they grab onto passing neutrophils make them cling onto vessel
        
        Diapedesis : neutrophils flatten and squeeze between cell in to interstitial fluid
        
        Chemotaxis : inflammation chemical guide neutrophils toward injured area
        
        Antimicrobial Proteins: enhance innate defense
        
        Interferon(important)
        
        protein produced by lymphocytes "infected cell"
        
        "warns" healthy next door cell
        
        activate NATURAL KILLER and MACROPHAGE
        
        Complement: plasm protein that circulate in blood in inn-active form, enhance inflammation and destroy bacteria
        
        Classical Pathway: antibodies 1st bind to invading organism and then bind to COMPLEMENT components
        
        Alternative Pathway: does not require antibody to be activates ( innate)
        
        Opsonization: attract neutrophils
        
        FEVER: Leukocytes and macrophages exposed to foreign substance secrete PYROGENS
        
        PYROGENS act on body thermostat in hypothalamus raising body temp
        
        cause liver and spleen to sequester IRON and ZINC
        
        Increase metabolic rate
      - DISORDERS
        
        PUS: creamy yellow dead neutrophils
        
        Abscess: collagen fibers, sac od pus, surgical
        
        Tuberculosis Bacilli: resist digestion by macrophage and remain alive, tumor like= GRANULOMA (area of infected macrophage surrounded by uninfected macrophage