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1700 (The Age of discovery (Reason and Common Sense (Hume, Montesquieu,…
1700
The Age of discovery
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Robert Boyle: 1.physicist, general scientist, philosopher;2. formule Boyle's Law on gas pressure
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Robert Hooke: 1. mathematician, physicist and naturalist;2. he create the first pump
Galileo Galiei:1. perfected the telescope; 2. one of the most important promoter of the scientific revolution
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Philosophy
Economic policies
Bentham
Human happiness is based on material happiness; more richer is a nation, happier are its citizens
Mill
Happiness is a state of mind and spirit; legislation should help citizens to develop their natural talents
Smith
The wealth of Nations, 1776: the doctrine of the "laissez-faire"
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SWIFT, Irish and anglican priest
The sources
1.MORAL SATIRE→Literature of travel, The work of Royal Society, Political allegory;2.The used imaginary voyage as a vehicle for their theories→Utopias where men lived an uncorrupted life
STYLE
- First person narration;2.Matter of fact prose style;3.Free of literary colouring;4.Precision of a scientific instrument
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INTERPRETATIONS
1.A tale for children;2.A political allegory;3.A parody of voyage literature;4.A masterpiece of misanthropy
1.A controversial writer;2.Misanthrope→pessimistic attitude;3.Lover of mankind→concerned with politics society
The Gulliver's Travel
GULLIVER:1.Middle-aged, well educated, sensible and careful observer;2. Has experience of the world;3. Support the culture;4. Differs from the typical writer→the people he meets during his voyage were not children of nature;5. Disgusted by everything at home→Europe is falling into a state of corruption;6. Gulliver is compared not with normal men but with smaller and bigger people and with animals
BOOKS
- Lilliput→Lilliputians(6 inches tall);2. Brobdingnag→giants twelve times as tall as Gulliver, he becomes king's pet, the expedient of the huge bird;3. Laputa→absent-minded astronomers, philosophers and scientists;4. Houyhnhnms→rational horses, he comes back home, cannot stand the human smell
The reading Public
Tumultuos change:
- Revolution; 2. Civil war; 3. Parliamentary reform;4. The new great power of the middle class
Reason was the key to understand humans and the world, against Puritan pragmatism and morality
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Coffee houses
- Born with the beginning of a postal system; 2. Meeting place for the most important companies;3. Centre for news and gossip, important for the development of journalism and public opinion;4. Women were not admitted
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DEFOE, journalist and secret agent
STYLE
- Clear and precise details;2. Simple, a matter of fact and concrete language; 3.Description of the primary qualities of object→solidity, extension and number
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NOVEL'S STRUCTURE
1.Lack of a coherent plot;2. A single hero, 3.A series of episodes and adventures; 4. Characters are presented through their actions;5. Fictional autobiography→the auctor point of view coincides with the main character's and retrospective first-person narration
ROBINSON CRUSOE
THE MIDDLE-CLASS HERO
- He shares restlessness with classical heroes of travel literature;2. Act of transgression, of disobedience; 3. His isolation on the island after the shipwreck
THE ISLAND
- The ideal place to prove Robinson's qualities;2. He organises a primitive empire;3. A chance to exploit and dominate nature→Not a return to nature
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The landscape Gardening
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Two separete traditions
aristocratic feeling for shape, foliage and curving natural design
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The literary Context
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Diary
Also known as epistolary novel, it described quotidianity or it was the travel report
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IRONY
1.Surprises the reader;2.Not to change or reform, but to create awareness
3 different types
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Situational irony; a dicrepancy between the expected results of a situation d the actual result is shown
Verbal irony: the writer says one thing, but want to express something different
SATIRE
1.The former expresses a basic instinct for comedy through a mockery of human being; 2.Set moral to reform social conduct or denounce everything in human nature that he finds distasteful
HUMOR
1.The homorist see the faults of his subjects but could accepts them and laughts at them;2.It does not deride or hint at;3.It simply evokes laughter as an end in itself
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