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Elderly female patient with a patient history of Osteoporosis, DM 2, HBP…

- - - - Urinary Bladder
        
        Urethra
  - - - Regulation of Ion Levels
        
        Regulation of Acid-base Balance
        
        Regulation of Blood Pressure
        
        Elimination of Biologically Active Molecules
        
        Formation of Calcitriol
        
        Production of Erythropoietin
        
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    - - Renal Corpuscle
        
        Renal Tubule
        
        Glomerulus
        
        Glomerular Capsule= Bowman Capsule/ Visceral & Parietal Layer
        
        Capsular Space
        
        Vascular Pole
        
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      - The Filtration, Reabsorption & Secretion of specific molecules in specific areas of the Nephron:
        
        Filtration:
        
        Filtration Membrane at the Glomerulus-
        
        Water, glucose, amino acids, ions, urea , some hormones, vitamins B & C, ketones & very small amounts of proteins
        
        Reabsorption:
        
        Proximal Convoluted Tubule-
        
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        General Information on Osteoporosis, DM II, & Hypertension:
        
        Osteoporosis:
        
        A disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to bone fragility and an increased risk of fractures of the hip, spine, and wrist
        
        DM II:
        
        Occurs when your body's cells resist the normal effect of insulin, which is to drive glucose in the blood into the inside of the cells. This condition is called insulin resistance. As a result, glucose starts to build up in the blood
        
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- - - - Over time, high sugar levels in the blood can cause these vessels to become narrow and clogged
        
        Hyperglycemia in the blood leading to glucose presence in the urine or Polyuria
        
        Further Effects:
        
        Could lead to high blood pressure; even more damage to kidneys
        
        Kidney Failure
        
        Dialysis or kidney transplant
        
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- - - - Abnormal hormone levels cause calcium and phosphorus levels in a person’s blood to be out of balance
  - - - HBP overtime can cause arteries around the kidneys to narrow, weaken or harden. These damaged arteries are not able to deliver enough blood to the kidney tissue
        
        When the arteries become damaged, the nephrons do not receive the essential oxygen and nutrients — and the kidneys lose their ability to filter blood and regulate the fluid, hormones, acids and salts in the body
  - - - Increased excretion of Albumin in the urine
        
        Other Factors or Symptoms to be considered:
        
        Factors:
        
        Urine in blood
        
        Compromised Bone Mass
        
        Elderly Patient 60 years old
        
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- - - - Further Effects:
        
        PTH won't be able to regulate the amounts of calcium & phosphate adequately when excreting them in the urine & within the blood
- - - - Filtration of filtrate happens much faster than reabsorption of solutes
        
        Can lead to Kidney Failure since the arterioles will eventually get damaged if the BP is not controlled
        
        Kidneys are not able to remove nitrogenous wastes & those toxins build up in the blood
        
        Further Effects:
        
        Patient many need to undergo Dialysis due to Renal Failure
        
        May need a kidney transplant in the future
        
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  - - - Hematuria or blood in urine could be a cause of HBP causing damage to the glomerulus arterioles. AKA, Glomerular disease
      - If nothing changes, what will happen to this patient over time?
        
        If nothing happens to this patient, their overall health will deteriorate since their kidneys are essential in removing nitrogenous wastes from the body, if they don't take action their kidneys could undergo renal failure which can be fatal if untreated due to high levels of toxins in the blood
        
        Greater chance of undergoing a myocardial infraction; not enough blood would be delivered to her vital organs which could cause organ failure