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πͺπ°πΉπͺπΌπ³π¨π»π°πΆπ΅ : ((23.7-23.11)πΊπ»πΉπΌπͺπ»πΌπΉπ¬ π¨π΅π«β¦
πͺπ°πΉπͺπΌπ³π¨π»π°πΆπ΅ :
(
23.1-23.2
)πͺπ°πΉπͺπΌπ³π¨π»πΆπΉπ πΊππΊπ»π¬π΄πΊ
Circulatory system
: :red_flag:
Organ system
that
transports materials
such nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to body cells and
transport co2 and other waste
from the body cell
2 π ππ°π¦π π±πΆππ’π° π¬π£ βπ¦π―π π²π©ππ±π¬π―πΆ ππΆπ°π±π’πͺπ°
:tada:
πΆπππ πͺππππππππππ πΊπππππ
:tada:
A circulatory system in which
fluid is pumped through open-ended vessels and bathes in tissue and organs directly
. ex. grasshoppers
Body movements help circulate the fluids as materials are exchanged with body cells.
:confetti_ball:
πͺπππππ πͺππππππππππ πΊπππππ
:confetti_ball:
A circulatory system in which
blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interesting fluid.
ex. earthworms, octopuses, vertebrates; humans
:warning: :
Key difference between an open circulatory system and close circulatory system
:warning: The vessels in an open circulatory system do not form an enclosed circuit from the heart, through the body , and back to the heart, and the circulatory fluid is not distinct from interestial fluid, as in the blood in a closed circulatory system.
Heart
: A muscular pump that propels a circulatory fluid(blood) through vessels to the body.
Blood
: type of connective tissue with a fluid matters "plasma" in which red blood cells , white blood cells, and platelets are suspended.
π ππ²π©ππ¬ π¨π πππ¬π¬ππ₯π¬
ARTERIES
:<3:Vessels that
carries blood away from the heart
to other parts of the body.
VEINS
:<3:Vessel that
returns blood to the heart
CAPILLARIES
:<3: a microscopic blood vessels that
convey blood between an arteriole and venue
.
Enable exchanges of nutrients
and
dissolved gases between the blood and interesting fluid.
*CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM*
: A closed circulatory system with a heart and a branching network of arteries, capillaries , and veins.
Atrium
: Heart chamber that
receives blood from the veins
Ventricle
: Heart chamber that
pumps blood out go the heart
Arterioles
: :!: Vessels that
conveys blood between an artery and a capillary bed.
Capillary bed
: network of capillaries in a tissue /organs.
Venules
: :!: vessel that
conveys blood between
a
capillary bed and veins.
23.1
Vertebrate cardiovascular systems
reflect evolution
As aquatic vertebrates becomes adapted to land life; their organs went through major changes. ex. gills to lungs
πΊπππππ πͺππππππππππ : :red_flag: A circulatory system with a single pump and circuit in which blood passes from the site of gas exchange to the rest fo the body before entering the heart. ex. fish
animal's body movements help to propel the blood through the body.
π«πππππ πͺππππππππππ :red_flag: A circulatory system with separate pulmonary and system circuits in which blood passes through the heart after completing the circuit, ensure vigorous blood flow to all organs
blood is pumped a second time after it loses pressure in the lungs.
π·ππππππππ πππππππ : the branch of circulatory system that
supplies the lungs
. Carries blood between the hear and gas exchange tissues in the lungs.
πΊπππππππππ πππππππ : the branch of circulatory system hat supplies oxygen-rich blood to and carries oxygen poor blood away from organs and tissues.
Carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body.
Pulmocutaneous circuit - where gas exchange occur in both lungs and skin
Amphibians have 3 heart chambers
Birds and mammals have 4 heart chambers; two atria and two ventricles.
Right side handles only oxygen-poor blood
Left side receives and pump only oxygen-rich blood
(
23.3-23.6
)πππ ππππΌπ πΎπΌππΏππππΌππΎπππΌπ ππππππ πΌππΏ πππΌππ
23.3
Human cardiovascular system
In
pulmonary circuit
, the
pulmonary arteries
carry oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. Blood flows back through the
pulmonary veins
, which bring oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.
Systemic circuit , oxygen-rich blood exits the hear via
aorta
; a large artery that conveys blood directly from the left ventricle of the heart to other arteries.
superior vena cava
: a large vein that returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart form the upper body and head.
Inferior vena cava
returns oxygen-poor blood from the lower body.
23.4
Heart contrasts & relaxes rhythmically
Blood flow in one direction , (AV) atrioventricular valves between the atria and ventricles , these valves open when pushed from one side and close when pushed from the other , thus preventing back flow.
Cardiac Cycle
:The alternating contractions rand relation of the heart. / heart contracts and relax in a rhythmic sequence.
When heart contracts it pumps blood , when it relaxes , blood fill the chamber.
1. Diastole
: Stage of heart cycle in which heart muscle is relaxed , allowing the chambers to fill with blood.
Blood enters the R atrium from the bean cave and the L atrium from the pulmonary veins. AV valves are open & the semilunar valves are closed.
Systole :
The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle.
begins with a very brief contraction of the atria that completely fills the ventricles with blood. The ventricle contracts closes the AV valves, open the semilunar valves and pumps blood into the large arteries.
Left ventricle pumps blood blood to the whole body with is thicker wall with greater contracts than the right side. But both side pumps blood out the same volume of blood.
Cardiac Output
: the volume of blood that each ventricle pumps per minute. The volume = the amount of blood pumped each time a ventricle contracts * the heart rate.
Heart Rate
: the frequency of heart condition, no. of beats/minute. BY average is 72 beats / minute
23.5 SA node sets the tempo of the heartbeat
Cardiac muscles can contact on their own without any signal from the nerves system.
How are the contractions of cardiac cells coordinated so that your heart beats as as integrated unit?
SA(Sinoatrial )node
: The peacemaker of the heart , located in the wall of the right atrium, that sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscles cells contract.
signals spread spread rapidly through a specialised junctions between cardiac muscle cells.
Signals from the AV node spread quickly through both atria, making them contract in unison.
2.Impulses pass to a relay point ;
AV(Atrioventricular node)
located between the R atrium and R ventricle.
AV node delays the signal about 0.1 s, time it takes to empty that atria completely before the ventricle contracts.
Specialized muscle fibres then relay the signals to the apex of the hear and up through the walls of the walls of the ventricles. triggering the strong contractions that drive the blood out of the heart.
The electrical impulses are strong enough to be detected on the skin by electrodes and recorded s electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG).
2 more items...
23.6
How should heart beat disease be treated
Heart attack
/ myocardial infarction : the damage /death of cardiac muscle tissue, usually result of such blockage.
Cardiovascular disease
: disorders of the heart and blood vessels.
Stroke
: the death of brain tissue due to lack of oxygen resulting from the rupture / blockage of arteries in the head.
Most cause of the stroke are believed to caused by
Atherosclerosis
: a cardiovascular disease in which fatty deposits called plaque develop on the inner walls of the arteries, narrowing their inner diameters.
atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries is known as CAD( coronary artery disease.) , risk that plaque in CAD artery may rupture and cause blood to clots an form/blocking vessels and causing heart attack.
(
23.7-23.11
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23.7
Structure of blood vessels fits their function
All blood vessels are line with epitheliu, different sizes and structure of the tubes reflect their different roles in transporting materials and exchanging them with the tissues od the body.
blood vessels help maintain a contsant internal environment in which their tissue cells live.
ARTERIES
MAIN FUNCTION : To transport blood from the heart to the lungs and other parts of the body.
Have the thickest walls of the all the vessels
providing strength &elasticity to accommodate the rapid flow and high pressure of blood pumped by the heart.
CAPILLARIES
MAIN FUNCTION : to exchange.
Pick up metabolic wastes.
Consist of only a single layer of epithelial cells wrapped in an extracellular matrix.
VEINS
:
MAIN FUNCTION: to transport blood from the lungs and the other parts of the body parts back to the heart.
The structure and walls are thinner than most of the arteries.
23.8
Blood pressure& Velocity reflect the structure and the arrangement of blood vessels
Blood Pressure
: the force that blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels.
blood pressure drives the flow of blood from the heart through arteries and arterioles to capillary beds,
Pulse
: the rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood during contraction of ventricles in systole.
Systolic pressure is the pressure caused by ventricular contraction.
digs in pressure represents the diastolic pressure
Blood pressure is highest in the aorta and arteries and declines abruptly as the blood enters the arterioles.
drop of pressure may come from the resistance to blood flow caused by friction between blood and the walls of millions narrow arterioles and capillaries.
blood pressure in the arteries depend on the volume of blood pumped into the aorta and also on the restriction of blood flow into the narrow openings of the arterioles .
When the muscle relax, the arterioles dilate and blood flows through them more readily, causing a fall in blood pressure.
Physical and emotional stress can raise blood pressure by triggering nervous and hormonal signals that constricts the blood vessels.
BLOOD VELOCITY
the rate of flow cm/sec
Many arterioles per artery. As you increase the diameter of the opening, the flow rate goes down.
the cross-sectional area is the greatest in the capillaries, and the velocity of blood is slowest through them.
Blood return back to heart; one way valves allow the blood to flow only toward the heart. Breathing also help the blood return tot the heart.
23.9
Measuring blood pressure can reveal cardiovascular problem
Hypertension
: A disorder in which a person's systolic pressure or diastolic blood pressure remains abnormally high.
also called a " silent killer" , since it may not show in test but will cause severe health problems.
prolonged hypertension is major caused of heart attack , heart disease, kidney failure, and stroke because renal arteries and arterioles may be damaged by high pressure.
23.11
Capillaries allow the transfer of substances through their walls
Oxygen , carbon dioxide , nutrients , wastes - the exchange of these materials is the most important to the circulatory system.
the exchange of these substance take place across the capillary walls.
Capillaries are the only blood vessels with wall thin enough fro substance to cross. They are leaky ; small pores in their walls.
oxygen and carbon dioxide simply diffuses through the epithelial cells of the capillary wall.
much of the exchange between blood and interesting fluid is the result of the pressure-driven flow of fluid across thin capillary wall.
one of the active forces that drive fluid out into/out of the capillary is blood pressure, tend to push fluid forward.
osmotic pressure, a force to that tends to pull fluid back because the blood has higher concentration of solutes than the interesting fluid.
The lost of fluid is picked up by your lymphatic system , which includes a network of tiny vessels intermingled among the capillaries. Lymph; fluid, is returned to your circulatory system through ducts that join the large veins in your neck.
The circulatory and lymphatic system function together to maintain fluid balance within tissues or the entire organism.
23.10
Arteriole diameter and precapillary sphincters control the distribution of blood
The smooth muscles in arterioles walls influences blood pressure by changing the resistances to blood flow out f the arteries and into arterioles.
Each tissues has many capillaries , so every part of your body is supplied with blood at all times.
Mechanism that regulates the flow of blood in to capillaries.
thoroughfare channel , a capillary through which blood streams directly from arteriole to venue. the channel is always open
Precacpillary sphincters
: Rings of smooth muscle located at the entrance to capillary beds.
blood flows through a capillary bed when its precapillary sphincters are relaxed.
It bypasses the capillary bed when the sphincters are contracted.
the regulation of blood flow to your skin helps control body temp. An increase in blood supply to the skin helps to release the excess heat generated by execrcise.
(
23.12-23.15
) :red_flag:πππππππππ πππ π πππππππ ππ πππππ
23.12
Blood consists of red and white blood cells suspended in plasma
Plasma
:the liquid matrix of the blood in which the blood cells are suspended. about 90% is h2o
consist of inorganic salts , formed ions. ions keeping the pH of the blood at 7.4 and maintaining the osmotic balance between blood and the interesting fluid.
plasma protein includes albumin, act as buffers and help maintain osmotic balance.
fibrinogen is a plasma protein that functions in blood clotting and immunoglobulins are protein important in immunity.
2 classes of cells suspended in blood plasma
WHITE BLOOD CELL
:A blood cell that functions in fighting infections ; " leukocyte"
5 types : monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes.To fight infection.
Phagocytes
:A white blood cell that engulfs bacteria, foreign proteins, and the remains of dead body cells.
RED BLOOD CELL
: A blood cell containing hemoglobin , which transports oxygen ; "erythrocyte"
platelets
: A pinched-off cytoplasmic fragment of a bone marrow cell. Important in blood clotting
23.13
Too few/ too many red blood cells can be unhealthy
Anemia
: an abnormally low amount of hemoglobin/ a low number of red blood cells.
anaemic person feels constantly tired because they did not get enough oxygen
cause from excessive blood loss, vitamin/mineral deficiencies, certain form of cancers.
iron deficiency , can develop in women from loss of blood in menstrual .
The production of red blood cell in the bone marrow is controlled by a negative-feedback mechanism that is sensitive to the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues via the blood.
EPO( erythropoietin)
: a hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.
ex. kidney dialysis patients , since their kidneys do not produce enough EPO.
23.14
Blood clots plug leaks when blood vessels are injured
Blood contains self-sealing materials that are activated when blood vessels are injured.
Fibrinogen
: the plasma protein that is activated to form a clot when blood vessels are injured.
Stages of clotting process
When the epithelium lining in a blood vessel is damaged, connective tissue in the vessel wall is exposed to the blood. Platelets rapidly adhere to the exposed tissue and release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky.
clusters of sticky platelets forms a plug that quickly provides protein against additional blood loss.
response in clotting in the plasma and the released from the clumped platelets set off a chain reaction as response of negative feedback.
the clotting process ultimately forms a reinforced patch that keeps blood from leaking i not the surrounding tissue.
Fibrin
: an activated enzyme converts fibrinogen to a threadlike protein. The threads of fibrin reinforce the plug, forming a fibrin clot.
Clotting mechanism is important that any defect in it can be life-threatening. individual lacking one/mkore of the proteins required for clotting minor injuries can lead to excessive fatal bleeding.
23.5
Stem cells offer a potential cure for blood cell diseases
Stem cell
:an unspecialised cell that can divide to produce an identical daughter cell and a more specialised daughter cell, which undergoes differentiation.
Stem cell in bone marrow give rise to 2 different types :
Lymphiod stem cells ; produce two different types of lymphocytes, which function in immune system.
Myeloid stem cells can differentiate in to white blood cells, platelets ,and erythrocytes.
they continuously produce all the blood cells needed throughout life.
Leukemia
: the cancer of the white blood cells,/ leukocytes.
person with leukaemia has unusually high no.of luekoctyes.
treatment involves : destroying the cancerous cell and replacing it with healthy bone marrow. may be treated with their own bone marrow or donor