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Bovine: Sudden death (Anaphylaxis (Injection of biological materials?…
Bovine:
Sudden death
2-4 hrs of illness onset
Infectious
Clostridial
Black Leg
Cl. chauvoei
Path:
Gut= spores enter m= activated by bruising/ trauma= vegetative growth= Toxin.
Insult happens weeks before CS (induced- vacc/ injections)
Necropsy:
dirty carcass, m. damage, haemorrhage
Dx:
culture m. histopath
(may see other Cl.)
Tx: not much,
BURN CARCASSES
.
Vacc
before 6 mnths (3-4 mnths best), 2 weeks apart
Black Disease
Cl. novyi
Necrotic hepatitis= peracute fatal toxaemia
Path=
Liver damage by Fluke= anaerobic env= multiplication= toxin= rapid decay of liver and sudden death
CS:
Dirty Carcass,
bloody/frothy discharge from nose
, venous congestion,
skin hyperaemia
, epistaxis,
abdominal pain
, muffled heart sound.
Necropsy= hyperaemic
Liver,
haemorrhage, acute diffuse peritonitis, hyperamic omentum
Dx:
Spores in Liver
(fluorescent Ab test)
Tx:
high dose penicillin
Vacc
Control Liver Fluke=
Triclabendazole (2.5mL/ 50kg BW- WHP)
Bacillary Haemaglobinuria
Cl. Haemolyticum
Path=
triggered by
Liver Damage
(anythins that causes= predisp.)= BUT prod
lecithinase toxin
= damage and rupture of RBC= haemoglobinuria
CS: anaemia, Jaundice, Liver damage
Tetanus
Cl. tetani
Path:
wound infection
(anaerobic propagation)=
Neurotoxin (TeNT)
= m. stiffness, mild bloat, protrusion of
3rd eyelid,
m tetany, resp paralysis, death.
Dx: CS
Tx: short incubation (POOR PROG)
high mortality
Tetanus antitoxin
(up to 5000IU/500kg)
Penicillin
Supportive therapy
Cx:
Vacc
Botulism
Cl. botulism
Path=
ingestion of preformed toxin/ wound contamination/
proliferation in intestine
Source=
broiler litter in feedlot ration/ manure on pasture, low pH silage, animal protein in silage/ hay/ water,
PICA in P def
, mouse infested hay
CS=
Ascending motor neuro- paralytic
.
Peracute=
ingested toxin, sudden death
Acute:
paralysis, jaw and tongue m., hindquarters, fore, recumbency, bradycardia, resp/ cardiac paralysis.
COLLAPSE NO STRUGGLE
Where=
soil, GIT
commensal
Produce powerful endotoxin
Syndromes=
Gas gangrene
(spores invade tissue, reproduce, prod toxin),
Toxaemia (
Absorption of preformed toxins from bact in gut/ food/ cadavers
Dirty Carcass
Rapid decomposition and bloat
Bloody discharges
SC blood vessels injected
Blue/black appearance
SC oedema- gelatinous appearance
Bloody/yellow coloured serosanguinous fluid- mainly pericardial sac
Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
NOTIFIABLE ZOONOTIC
Path=
Inhaled/ contaminates wounds (warm after wet, anthrax belt).
1. Protective antige
n (activates 2 other factors)
2. Oedema Factor
(prevent activation and mobilisation of leukocytes, prevents phagocytosis)
3. Lethal factor
(terminal shock)
= destruction of phagocytic cells and increased capillary permeability
CS=
bloody discharge from orifices
(dark, tarry, doesnt clot), Dirty Carcass.
Dx:
peripheral blood smear ( gram +ve capsulated)-
DO NOT PM DO NOT REMOVE CARCASS
Cx: quarantine and vacc
BURN CARCASS
/ bury 2m covered in soda lime
No stock movements in
42d
3yrs
Vacc
Misadventure/ Catastrophie
Electrocution
Lightening strike (Hx?), Main electricity (sheds, pole, water)
CS: scorch marks of burned hair, extensive SC bleeding
Nutritional
Toxicities
Nitrite
Source=
low energy plants, high ammonia soil/ fertiliser, capeweed, cereal oats, Brassicas etc, high in soil/plant
Path= Rumen converts to NO2=
Converts normal haemoglobin to Methemaglobin
= Resp distress
Causes
Gastroenteritis
CS= dyspnoea, staggering, collapse, mucosal cyanosis, fast weak pulse,
brown blood- clots poorly
Tx:
IV methyl blue (1-2mg/kg)
Dx: aspirate from eye, dipstick
Cyanide
Ingestion of cyanogenic glycosides (gums, sorghums, acacia), rapid growth after stunting,
HUNGRY ANIMALS
CS: dyspnoea, restlessness, recumbency, death, bright red blood, depression, staggery, tremors, weak pulse, dilate pupils.
PM= CHERRY RED TISSUE
Tx: Na thiosulphate (600mg/kg IV)
NA thiosulphate (30g/cow PO)= Px
Blue-green Algae
In dame (N and P fertiliser, shallow
water, high temp
Fast Death factor=
Neurotoxins= staggering etc
Slow Death Factor=
hepatotoxicosis
Tx:
activated charcoal,
restrict access, treat dams with CuSO4
Monensin
Error in feed formulation
CS: Acute
cardiomyopathy
(or chronic)
Tx: Supportive therapy
OP
Accidental/ overdose
CS: XS salivation, dyspnoea, D+, m twitching
Tx: Atropine (0.5mg/kg), supportive therapy, Remove OP
Urea
Common
Access to
sprayed pasture/ given protein N
(cheap)
Path= overwhelms microflora=
Urea > ammonia
in rumen
CS:
as if drunk
( salivation, abdominal pain, m tremors, incoordination, convulsions, collapse, death)
Tx: 3-6L of
vinegar
/ 5% acetic acid PO
Tx: Antidote (available? dosage?), Supportive Therapy (keep calm, monitor)
Deficiencies
Mg
Grass Tetany
Vit E/ Se
Ill thrift, poor growth, WMD- calves
Cu
aka "Falling dx."
Atrophy of myocardial cells
Anaphylaxis
Injection of biological materials? (vacc)
Usually obvious
CS: anxiety, salivation, tachycardia, collapse, dyspnoea, convulsions, nasal discharge, nystagmus, rapid death
Tx:
Antihistamines, steroids etc
Individual Animal
Haemorrhage
NOT ANTHRAX: clots
External= caudal VC syndrome (epistaxis), Laceration
Internal: see pale mm before necropsy
Cardiac, pulmonary, uterine, abomasal
Peracute Tozaemia
Endogenous- Dx at necropsy
rupture of abomasal- spillage of GI contents
Exogenous- usually not obvious- snakebite?
Trauma
Internal haemorrhage
Damage to CNS (brain trauma- gunshot?
Self inflicted vs Malicious
Iatrogenic
Improper Tx: Ca? etc
Area knowledge
Hx
Necropsy ASAP
Exotic Dx
(Aust.)
Vesicular Disease
FMD
Picornaviridae Family- Apthovirus
Lots of different types
Tx: none, lasts for 2-3 weeks= natural recovery
Path= directly (infected-healthy), indirectly (discharges/ fomites), airborne in cattle, from pigs possibly= spread to local LN= blood= viremia (epithelial cells of mouth, feet, udder)= vesicles= fluid accumulation= rupture in 1-2d= released and spread= scar tissue
CS:
related to lesion location
(XS salivation, mastitis)
Can age lesions (day 7-10= scar)
Construct a timeline by aging lesions
Differentiating infected from vacc animals
= if Vacc= Ab to structural proteins
If Natural infection= against both
Vesicular Stomatitis
Rhabdoviridae Family
HORSES (other spp too)
Western Hemisphere
CS: vesicles on mouth, feet, teats
Low mortality
Erosive Disease
Rinderpest
Morbillivirus
CS: Projectile D+, Zebra like lesions in intestines, Oral lesions
PPR
In sheep, goats
Related to Rinderpest
Jembrana Dx
Cattle in Bali
Lentivirus
Bluetongue
Arthropod viral Dx
Culicoides transmits
Year-round surveillance needed
Cattle asymptomatic, problem in sheep and goats
Covered elsewhere:
Bovine Spongiform Encepalopathy
(fed bone meat, long incubation (10yrs)
Rabies
(Lyssa virus, Paralytic and Dumb form
Other
Screw worm fly
Old=
Chrysomya bezziana
New:
Cochliomyia homnivarax
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
aka Pleuro/ CBPP
Mycoplasma mycosides
subsp.
Mycoides
sc
Acute: fever, depression, rapid RR
Chronic: mild fever, loss of BC, dyspnoea on exercise
Suspect IF CHRONIC RESP Dx
Tx: no vacc, hard to control
Haemorrhagic Septicaemia
Pasturella multocida
Buffalo, Cattle, Bison
Transmission= direct contact/ feed
INcubation= 2-5d
CS: high fever, dullness, XS salivation, nasal discharge
Brucellosis
ZOONOSES= undulant fever
Tx: Vacc and cull
CS: Abortion storms
Transmission= unpasturised milk, parturition tissue
Rift Valley Fever
Mosquito-born virus
Zoonoses: Flu-like
Abortions, mortality of young
Lumpy Skin Dx
Ddx: allergy, insect attack, pseudo lumpy skin dx
Louping III
Endemic in Europe
mainly sheep, some cattle
Tick borne Flavivirus (Ioxdid tick?)
CS= alert stare, hold ears at odd angles, twicth and lick lips, slight remors of head and neck, stamping, cerebellar ataxia, depression, death
Theileriosis (East Coast Fever)
Tick borne-
T. parva
Benign=
T. orientalis
CS: LN enlargement, Fever
Heartwater (Cowdriosis)
Tick borne
CS: fever, D+, n signs
Dx: PM best (pulmonary oedema, fluid in thorax)