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Community Ecology (Concepts (Community (Climax Community (Return of…

- - - - Return of original habitat community
    - - restoring endangered communities
  - - - members of a species
      - How different species interact
- - - - gene flow
      - migration
    - - environment composed of many discrete habitable patches
      - some patches are occupied by species
        
        some are not
      - empty patches will be colonized
        
        via migration from other patches
      - individuals can go extinct in patches
- - - - Feeding rate
        
        how fast predators find prey
      - handling time
        
        time need to consume prey
      - is prey-dependent
        
        more prey = faster feeding time
    - - models net rate of change
        
        in prey numbers
      - dN/dt = rN - aNP
        
        dN/dt =
        
        rate of predator population change with time
        
        prey population stable when
        
        dN/dt = 0
        
        r/a = P
        
        predator density = r/a
        
        predator population stable when
        
        prey = q/fa
        
        r =
        
        intrinsic rate of increase for prey
        
        N =
        
        number of prey in community
        
        a =
        
        predators's per capita attack rate
        
        P =
        
        number of predators present
      - zero growth isocline
        
        line that indicates population stability
    - - predator over exploiting prey
      - leads to loss of both species
    - - harvest enough to keep population stable
    - - population health determined by
        
        ease of harvest
        
        abundance of harvest
        
        abundant harvest = healthy
        
        sparse harvest = unhealthy
    - - hunting limited to a set number
      - regulated by government
      - still bad if species endangered
  - - - probability of prey encounter
      - is prey worth the effort
      - probability of successful attack
    - - optimal diet model
        
        predators prefer prey that gives most energy
        
        if preferred prey becomes scares
        
        predators widen diet
        
        some prey will never be eaten
        
        probability of prey being eaten
        
        depends on other prey
      - studies factors of prey selection
  - - - organism consumes a shared resource
      - resource becomes less available
    - - one organism restricting access to resources
      - organism may not eat resource
    - - one can increases from low density
        
        can lead to invasive species
      - species interfere with themselves more
        
        than others
    - - any substance
      - any factor
      - leads to increased growth rate
- - - - pollinators and plants
  - - - no benefit
    - - beaver builds dam
        
        river calms and widens
        
        more plants grow near river
    - - concept is very broad
- - - - Large scale = more diversity
      - Small scale = less diversity
    - - relationship between area and species richness
      - S =cA^z
        
        S = number of species
        
        A = area
        
        c and z are constants
        
        must be dicovered
      - measuring diversity at specific scales
        
        Alpha diversity
        
        number of species or growth forms
        
        occur at local, small sites
        
        Beta diversity
        
        larger community should be studied
        
        Compares differences between
        
        small regions
        
        large regions
        
        Gamma diversity
        
        number of species within a region
        
        species abundance distribution
        
        number of species in each abundance class
  - - - Community diversity is very low
      - Summer is short and cool
      - sun is low in sky