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34 year old patient has been diagnosed with AIDS after being tested…
34 year old patient has been diagnosed with AIDS after being tested positive for HIV a year before
Exposure to HIV virus from unprotected sex or unsanitary needles
The HIV virus continued to destroy T-cells that are used to help the immune system fight infections
Organs and cells of the immune system
Organs
Secondary(peripheral)
Spleen: Blood Filter. Largest lymphoid organ. Site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response. Consists of white pulp and red pulp
Stores breakdown products of RBCs
Store platelets
Site of fetal erythrocyte production
Red pulp: where old blood cells and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed
White pulp: immune function occurs
Tonsils: Act as first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign pathogens
Lymph nodes: Act as a filter or trap for foreign particles and are packed tightly with white blood cells and hold a place for B and T-cells and can help lymphocytes activate
Embedded deep in connective tissue and can be found closer to the body surface. Distinct regions are the medulla and cortex
Cortex: superficial cortex contains follicles that divide B cells. Deep cortex houses T cells in transit
Skin: First line of defense against outside factors and threats
Liver:contains many immunologically active cells and acts as a “sieve” for antigens
MALT:mucosa associated lymphoid tissue): protects from pathogens trying to enter the body
Largest are found in the tonsils, Peyers patches, and appendix
Peyers patches: destroy bacteria before they breach the intestinal wall and generate memory lymphocytes
Tonsils: gather and remove pathogens in food and air
Appendix:destroys bacteria to prevent it from breaching intestinal wall and generate memory lymphocytes
Primary (generative)
Thymus: where T-cells mature
Red Bone marrow: Produce RBCs
Cells
Leukocytes: white blood cells
Neutrophils: first cells to head toward the infection and are the most abundant phagocyte
Macrophages: act as scavengers and rid the body of worn-out cells and other debris
Dendritic cells: phagocytes that are in contact with the outside world
Mast cells: regulate inflammatory responses
Basophils and eosinophils: involved in defending against parasites and allergic reactions
Lymphocytes
T-cells:recognize pathogens
Killer T-cells:kills cells infected with the virus
Helper T-cell:regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses and helps the body determine the correct immune response to a pathogen
B-cells:recognizes pathogens without any need for antigen processing
Immune system
Adaptive immune system:the creation of immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, making it easier to fight the same pathogen if the body encounters if again
B-cells:produce antibodies
T-cells:recognize pathogens
CD4+:helped cells that provide signals that induce B cells
CD8+:proliferate in response to an antigen
Innate immune system: the natural resistance that you are born with (first line of defense)
physical barriers
Tight junctions in the skin
Epithelial and mucous membranes surfaces
Anatomical barriers
Epithelial and phagocytic cell enzymes
Phagocytes
Inflammation-related serum proteins
Surface and phagocyte granule antimicrobial peptides
Cell receptors that sense microorganisms and signal defensive responses
Cells that release cytokines and inflammatory mediators
Viral vs. Bacteria infections
Viral: microorganisms that are very diverse and exist in a variety of shapes. They are parasitic and require a living host . Viruses can invade the cells in your body and multiply
Common viral infections: flu, common cold,chickenpox, measles
Antibiotics are not as effective against viral infections. The adaptive immune system will have to work to rid the body of the virus. Medications can be used to relieve the body of symptoms, however.
Bacterial : single cell tiny microorganisms that are very diverse and live in a variety of environments
Common bacterial infections: strep throat, urinary tract infections, tetanus ,etc.
Bacterial infections are normally treated by antibiotics to prevent bacteria from growing and dividing
Lytic vs. lysogenic stages of virus
Lytic stages
Step 1:Attachment and inject viral genome into the cell
Step 2:Degradation of host genome
Step 3: Replication of viral genome and synthesis of viral proteins
Step 4: Assembly and release
Step 5: New Viruses
Lysogenic cell
Step 1:Phage attaches to the cell surface of bacterium
Step 2: Phage DNA enters the bacterial cell
Step 3:Phage DNA integrates into bacterial DNA
Step 4: Integrated Prophage replicates when bacterial DNA replicates
HIV vs. AIDS
HIV is a virus. This virus attacks your immune system and makes it harder to fight off infections
AIDS is a condition caused from HIV going untreated and advancing to a stage where it has permanently damaged your immune system beyond the point of repair
The HIV has attacked enough TH cells to permanently prevent the immune system from effectively fighting off foreign pathogens
Patient may experience fevers, headaches, sore throats, etc. due to the bodies inability to fight infections
Patient could take medication to help keep the immune system as healthy as possible and decrease complications
Patient could live up to several years with only minor colds and infections
HIV virus could be too intense for the body to fight even with medications
Patient could suffer from severe infections and illnesses due the immune system not functioning efficiently to fight them off
Patient could potential die from any of theses infections
Immunocompetent vs. Activation
Activation: Activation of B cells happens during antigen recognition by BCRs and a second activation signal from T-cells or an antigen itself
Some become plasma cells that secrete antibodies
Some become long lived memory B cells that have the potential to become plasma cells
Immunocompetent: B cells move to the spleen and other lymphoid tissue to mature into immunocompetent B cells
Humoral vs. Cellular
Cellular: secretes cytokines and no antibodies to attack pathogens. Tend to show more of a delay than humoral
Humoral: Humoral is where antibodies are produced in the T cells to fight against infections. Acts quickly and rapidly
Fevers: tend to be caused due to the body fighting some sort of infection or virus
Intermittent: the temperature is elevated but falls each day
Remittent: temperature falls each day but not to the normal range
Sustained: little change in the elevated temperature
Relapsing:fever spikes separated by days or even weeks
Continuous: fever shows little change
Inflammation: tends to happen due to an injury and the body is naturally responding to that injury