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Circulatory & Excretory Systems (Circulatory Systems (Open Circulatory…
Circulatory & Excretory Systems
Circulatory Systems
Open Circulatory System
liquid transported: hemolymph
has a heart which powers the circulation of fluid
Body movements also help with fluid circulation
contractions & relaxations of the heart help to circulate hemolyph
Mollusca (clams), Arthropoda (insects)
Closed Circulatory System
liquid transported: blood
heart (one or more) pumps blood into large vessels that branch into smaller ones that infiltrate tissues and organs
Double circulation
two circuits of blood flow
systemic circuit
pulmonary circuit
found in amphibians, reptiles, & mammals
single circulation
found in sharks, rays, & bony fishes
two chambered heart
Chordata, Annelida
Gastrovascular Cavity
Cnidarians, Playthelminthes
functions in the distribution of substances throughout the body as well as in digestion
advantage: nutrients only have to diffuse a short way to reach the cells of the outer tissue layer
Types of blood vessels
Capillaries
microscopic vessels with very thin, porous walls
capillary beds (networks of capillaries) infiltrate tissues
gas exchange takes place across the walls of capillaries
Veins
vessels that carry blood back to the heart
capillaries converge into venules which converge into veins
Arteries
carry blood from the heart to the organs
arteries branch into arterioles which branch into capillaries
Diversity of hearts
fish hearts
blood leaves the heart and passes through two capillary beds before returning to the heart
two chambered heart
mammal heart
two ventricles
thicker walls
contracts more forcefully in order to pump blood throughout the body
two atria
serve as collection chambers for blood returning to the heart
thinner walls
frog heart
3 chambers- two atria and one ventricle
has incompletely divided ventricle to shut of blood flow to lungs temporarily while submerged
Blood
Blood vessel structure
all blood vessels contain a central lumen
tissue layers differ among capillaries, veins, and arteries
lined with endothelium (single layer of epithelial cells)
Arteries and Veins have a layer of smooth muscle in order stretch and recoil
Capillaries are small in diameter and have thin walls specialized for the exchange of substances
connective tissue with fluid matrix that contains plasma (water, salts,& proteins) red blood cells (deliver oxygen to organs), white blood cells & platelets.
Blood Pressure
Vasodilation
a widening of the blood vessels
smooth muscles relax
Vasoconstriction
decreases the diameter of blood vessels
smooth muscle in arteriole walls contract/ increases blood pressure
Measurement of blood pressure
sphygmomanometer (inflatable cuff) is attached to pressure gauge and inflated. As the cuff deflates, first the systolic pressure is measured and then as it deflates further the diastolic pressure is measured
normal arterial blood pressure of healthy human at rest: 120(systolic pressure)/70 mm of Hg (diastolic pressure)
Respiratory Systems
Gills
used in aquatic animals to obtain oxygen from water
contercurrent exchange
Lungs
localized respiratory organs
path of air to blood
air enters in through the nasal cavity through the trachea
Air continues through the Bronchus into the bronchioles
actual gas exchange occurs in the alveoli
diffusion takes place across the lining of the alveoli
air sacs clustered at the tips of the tiniest bronchioles
Breathing
negative breathing pressure
ex. mammals
pulling air into their lungs
lowering the pressure inside their lungs below the outside air pressure. This causes the air to rush to the lower area of pressure inside their lungs
positive breathing pressure
air is inhaled and the muscles lower the floor of the oral cavity. Then the floor rises and forces the air down the trachea.
inflating the lungs with forced air pressure
ex: amphibians
Function of respiratory system is gas exchange
Tracheal systems
common in insects
network of air tubes that branch throughout the body
Excretory System
Filtration: body fluid comes into contact with a selectively permeable membrane
Excretory organs in mammals
urinary bladder: holds urine
Kidney: transporting and storing urine
contains outer renal cortex
filed with tightly packed excretory tubules
Nephron
Cortical nephrons:only reach a short distance into the medulla
functional units of the vertebrate kidney
juxtamedullary nephrons: reach deep into the medulla
blood enters into the kidney & filtrates fluid. Some fluid is reabsorbed into the vessels but the remainder leaves through the excretory tubules
Ureter: urine produced in kidneys exits through here. They drain into the urinary bladder
urethra: tube in which urine is expelled from that empties outside the body
system that are central to homeostasis because they dispose of metabolic waste
Lymphatic System
system that recovers the lost fluid and the proteins that are returned to the blood
fluid is lost by capillaries to surrounding tissues
fluid diffuses into the lymphatic system via a network of tiny vessels & capillaries
Recovered fluid circulates and then drains into a large pair of veins of the cardiovascular system
lymph (recovery fluid)
Disruptions of the lymph result in fluid accumulation
lymph nodes
lymph filtering organs
filled with connective tissues with white blood cells
when the body is fighting infection, the white blood cells multiply rapidly & lymph nodes become swollen and tender
Osmoregulation
Osmoconformer
ex: marine animals
internal osmolarity is the same with environment
some marine animals balance water loss by drinking a lot of seawater. The excess salt is expelled through the gills or through kidneys (urine). They also eliminate urea
other marine animals (ex: sharks) maintain more urea for the benefit of TMAO (organic molecule that protects proteins )
Osmoregulator
freshwater or terrestrial animals
animals maintains this by drinking almost no water
body fluid must be hypersmotic because the animal cannot tolerate the levels of salt found in lakes or rivers
controls osmolarity independent from environment
process by which animals control solute concentration and balance water intake & loss
Osmolarity: unit of measurement for solute concentration
Nitrogenous waste
Uric Acid
excreted by land snails, insects, & many reptiles
relatively nontoxic and does not dissolve in water
Urea
product of energy consuming metabolic cycle that combines with ammonia w/carbon dioxide in the liver
excreted by mammals, amphibians, sharks, & bony fishes
Ammonia
excreted by most aquatic species
animal need access to lots of excess water because it can only be tolerated in low concentrations
