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Chapter 42 & 44 (Circulatory systems (Open circulatory system- the…
Chapter 42 & 44
Circulatory systems
Open circulatory system- the circulatory fluid called hemolymph is also the interstitial fluid that bathes bady cells. Example- A grasshopper
Closed circulatory system- Blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid. One or more hearts pump blood into large vessels that branch into smaller ones that infiltrate the tissues and organs. Example- Humans
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Heart contains atrias and ventricles. Atrias receive the blood coming in the heart. And the ventricle releases the blood out of the heart.
Single circulation- Blood travels through the body and returns to its starting point in a single circuit.
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excretion
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Most excretions systems carry out filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion. Invertebrates system include the protonephrida of flatworms, the metanephrida of earthworms, and the malpighian tubules of insects.
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Within the nephron, selective secretion and the re-absorption in the proximal tubule alter filter volume and composition
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Fresh water live in water less concentrated than body fluids. Fish gains water through body absorption causing a loss of salt
Marine body fish- Lives in water more concentrated than body , fish lose water and gain salt
Gas exchange
All sites of gas exchange, a gas undergoes net diffusion from where its partial pressure is higher to where its lower
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Effectiveness of gills is increased by ventilation and counter-current exchange between blood and water
Gas exchange in insects relies on a tracheal system, a branched network of tubes that brings oxygen directly to cells
In mammals, air inhaled through the nose passes through the pharynx into the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and deadend alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
Amphibians ventilates its lungs by positive pressure breathing, which forces air down the trachea.
Birds use a system of air sacs as bellows to keep air flowing through the lungs in one direction only, prevents the mixing of incoming and outgoing air.
Mammals ventilate their lungs by negative pressure breathing , which pulls air into the lungs when the rib muscles and diaphragm contract. Incoming and outgoing air mix decreasing the efficiency of ventilation.
Sensors detect the level of Ph of cerebrovascular fluid and a control center in the brain adjust the breathing rate and depth to match metabolic standards.
Additional input to the control center is provided by sensors in the aorta and carotid arteries that monitor blood levels of oxen as well as carbon dioxide
osmoregulation
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a process based on the controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and the external environment and on the movement of water.
osmoconformers are isoosmotic with their marine environments, do not use osmosis
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Transport epithelial contains specialized epithelial tissue cells that control solute movements required for waste disposal and osmoregulation