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ROPS Week 21- The Partition of India (Political Struggles during WW2 (1944…
ROPS Week 21- The Partition of India
The British
1863- 3 nominated Indian members on Viceroy’s Council
1909- Morley-Minto reforms- voting rights to small Indians electorate- elected members on
Constitutional reforms to increase political participation of Indians
1919- Montague-Chelmsford reforms- mixed Brit and Indian governments in provinces
1857- Indian uprising- crown takes over Indian possessions
1935- Government of India Act- provincial legislatures and government run by Indians
1757- territorial rule in Bengal- successive annexations of about two-thirds of subcontinent- organised in 3 Presidencies, run by private company (East India Company)
But also, politics of ‘divide and rule’- playing ethnic and religious groups against each other
The Indian National Congress (INC)
1931- civil disobedience campaign- INC extends influence to rural areas to become mass party
1936- INC wins provincial elections
1922- Gandhi’s non-cooperation campaign
1939- provincial Congress governments step down in protest against declaration of war
1885- founded as debating club of urban professionals (lawyers, doctors etc.)- annual meetings to pass resolutions
The All-India Muslim League (ML)
1906- founded to protect Muslim minority- profile similar to INC- campaigning for separate electorates- Muslim electorates to vote for Muslim candidates
1935- Jinnah president of the ML- loses 1936 elections on Muslim platform
1940- Lahore-Resolution (‘Pakistan’)
Political Struggles during WW2
1944- Gandhi-Jinnah talks fail to produce solution
1946- provincial elections confirm position of INC and ML
Jinnah begins to target provincial governments still in office
1946- Cabinet Mission- Independent Dominion
1942- Cripps mission to offer Dominion Status- rejected by INC- Gandhi starts ‘Quit India’ campaign- violently suppressed, INC leaders jailed
Aug 1946- ML’s display of strength on ‘Direct Action Day’
1940- ML passes ‘Lahore Resolution’ to demand ‘Muslim states in India’
Sept 1946- Interim Government, initially without ML
1939- INC governments step down in protest
Post-War Decision-making: Mountbatten’s Viceroyalty
15 August- independence of India
16 August- Radcliffe Award published
14 August- independence of Pakistan
July 1947- Radcliffe arrives in India
March 1947- Simla talks fail- partition becomes only viable office, transfer set for August
1947- Attlee announces transfer of power before June 1948- Mountbatten last Viceroy
Human Toll of Partition
10-12 million refugees
Delhi alone takes in some 0.5-1 million refugees
1-1.5 million casualties