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animal physiology (circulation and gas exchange (types of hearts (single…
animal physiology
circulation and gas exchange
function and types of circulatory systems
none
gastrovascular cavity
open
closed
annelids, cephalopods and vertebrates
blood
blood pressure high enough to enable the effective delivery of oxygen and nutrients in larger and more active animals
arthropods and mollusca
hemolymph- interstitial fluid that bathes the body cells
allows them to use less energy than a closed system
cnidarians
only cells lining the cavity have direct access to nutrients released by digestion
cnidarians and flatworms
move fluid between cells immediate surroundings and body tissues
types of hearts
single circulation
sharks, rays, bony fishes
blood travels through body and returns to starting point in single loop
heart has 2 chambers, atrium and ventricle
double circulation amphibian
pulmocutaneous circuit- gas exchange takes place in both the lungs and skin
fill lungs periodically
3 chambers 2 atria and 1 ventricle
double circulation mammal
right side pumps oxygen poor blood to capillary beds, oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out
left side, systemic circuit pumps oxygen rich blood to capillary beds in organs and tissues throughout the body
breathe continuously
arteries, veins, capillaries
arteries carry blood away from heart torward capillaries
accros the thin walls of capillaries , dissolved gas and other chemicals are exchanged by difussion
capillaries converge to venules and the venules converge to veins
veins carry the blood back to the heart
blood pressure
blood flows from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure
systolic pressure
arterial blood pressure is highest when the heart contracts during ventricular systole
diastolic pressure
elastic walls of arteries snap back, lower but still substantial blood pressure when ventricles are relaxed
vasoconstriction
when the smooth muscles in the arteriole walls contract
vasodilation
an increase in diameter that causes blood pressure in arteries to fall
how its measured
systole over diastole
blood
plasma 55%
cellular elements 45%
made up of white blood cells, platelets and red blood cells
red blood cells
oxygen transport
white blood cells
defense
made up of water, ions and plasma proteins
respiratory organ function and specialized structures
respiratory surfaces- part of animals body where gas exchange occurs
gas exchange is fast when the area for diffusion is large and the path for diffusion is short
skin
gills
lungs
larynx
trachea
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move gills through water or move water over the gills
a dense layer of capillaries under the skin facilitates the exchange of gases
positive pressure breathing
negative pressure breathing
pulls air into lungs
expands thoracic cavity, causes diaphragm to contract
exhalation is passive
mammals
inflating lungs with forced airflow
exhalation as air is expelled by elastic recoil of lungs by compression of the body
amphibians
breathing- muscles involved, positive vs. negative pressure
larynx
upper part of respiratory tract
trachea
windpipe, vocal cords, make sound when expelling air
bronchi
two branches leading into each lung
bronchioles
fine tubes connected to bronchi
alveoli
air sacs clustered at the tips of the tiniest bronchioles
capillaries
branch of pulmonary arteries carries oxygen or carbon dioxide in blood
lymph circulation
lymphatic system
lost fluids are recovered and returned to the blood
lymph
recovery fluid
lymph nodes
a honeycomb of connective tissue with spaces filled by white blood cells, which function in defense
Osmoregulation and excretion
osmosis and how it works
osmoregulation
process by which animals control solute concentration and balance water gain and loss
osmosis
when two solutions separated by a membrane differ in total solute concentration
osmolarity
measures the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
osmoconformer
all marine animals
to be isoosmotic with its surroundings
osmoregulator
freshwater and terrestrial habitats
to control internal osmolarity independent of the external enviroment
difference between freshwater and marine animals
freshwater fish
marine fish
gain of water and salt ions from food and seawater
excretion of salt ions from gills
excretion of salt ions and small amounts of water from kidneys
osmotic water loss from gills and body surface
gain of water and ions in food
uptake of salt ions by gills
osmotic water gain through gills and body surface
excretion of salt ions and large amounts if water in dilute urine from kidneys
which organisms produce ammonia, urea, or uric acid waste
ammonia
aquatic species
need access to water because ammonia can only be tolerated in low concentrations
release occurs across the whole body surface
urea
mammals, amphibians, sharks
nitrogenous waste, animals expend energy to produce urea from ammonia
low excretory water loss
uric acid waste
birds, reptiles, insects, land snails
more energetically expensive than urea, requires ATP for synthesis from ammonia
human generate a small amount of uric acid from metabolism
major excretory organs and their functions
kidneys
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
urine comes out from the bladder through the tube called the urethra
ureters drain into the sac that is the urinary bladder
urine produced in kidneys exits through ureter
2 ureters
a pair of organs
transports and stores urine
parts of a nephron and its functions
glomerulus
a single long tubule and a ball of capillaries
bowmans capsule
end of the tubule forms a cup shaped swelling
proximal tubule
loop of henle
a turn with a descending limb and a ascending limb
distal tubule
collecting duct
receives processed filtrate from nephrons and send it to the renal pelvis
regulates the potassium and sodium chloride, contributes to pH regulation
reabsorption, recapture of ions, water and valuable nutrients