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Animal Physiology (Respiratory Surfaces (Breathing (Birds (passes air over…

- - - - passes air over gas exchange surface
        
        air sacs directs air flow through lungs
    - - Negative Pressure Breathing: pulling air into lungs
    - - Positive Pressure Breathing: inflating lungs with forced air flow
- - - - two circuits form the heart
        
        blood flows through heart twice
        
        reptiles, mammals, amphibians
        
        has systematic circulation and pulmonary circulation
    - - has two chambers
        
        blood only passes once through heart
        
        sharks, rays, bony fish
  - - - Lymph Circulation: only travels towards heart,flows from tissue to lymphatic vessels
- - - - gain of little ions and water
        
        intake of salt ions through gills
        
        osmotic water gain
        
        excrete salt ions and large amounts of water in dilute urine
  - - - take in water and salt ions from food and drinking seawater
        
        excrete salt ions through gills
        
        excrete salt ions and water in urine from kidneys
  - - - Urethra: empties waste outside body
      - Urinary Bladder: stores urine from kidneys
      - Ureter: connects to kidney to pass urine
      - Kidneys: pass waste as urine
      - Nephrons
        
        Distal Tubule
        
        secretes protons
        
        Collecting Duct
        
        collects urine from nephrons
        
        Loop of Henle
        
        recover water from urine
        
        Peritubular Capillaries
        
        allows reabsorption and secretion
        
        Proximal Tubule
        
        secretes organic acids
        
        regulates pH
        
        Vasa Recta
        
        supplies blood to the medulla
        
        Bowman's Capsule
        
        initiate first step of filtration of blood to form urine
        
        Glomerulus
        
        filters plasma