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70 F/Viral Infection in Lungs/Pneumonia/Breathing Difficulty (Gas Laws…
70 F/Viral Infection in Lungs/Pneumonia/Breathing Difficulty
Virus
Influenza Virus
Fever
Sweating
Moved to Higher Elevation
Acute Mountain Sickness
Acclimatization
Bacteria
Streptococcus pneumonia
Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Fungi
Histoplasmosis
Cryptococcus
Coccidioidomycosis
Age
Weakened Immune System
Smoking
Shortness of breath
Nausea, Vommiting
Cough
Phlegm
Confusion
Change in mental state
Chest Pain when breathing or coughing
Weakened Immune System
Inability to fight infections
Septic Shock
Death
Partial Pressure and Elevation
Dalton's Law
total gas pressure of mixed gases exerted = the sum of the partial pressures of each gas
Partial Pressure
proportional to its percentage
increases in low altitude
Pressure exerted by each gas
decreases at high altitudes
Henry's Law
gas in a liquid, gas will dissolve in the liquid proportional to its partial pressure
Solubility
Co2 is 20x more soluble than water
H20 is 2x more soluble than N2
Temperature
temp of liquid rises = gas solubility decreases
Decompression Sickness
when diver dives too deep and comes up too quickly
Dissolved nitrogen bubbles out of solution while still in blood and tissues
Not enough time to exhale N2
Treatment: hyperbaric oxygen chambers
Pulmonary Barotrauma
lung damage due to rapid pressure changes
Gas in lungs expands due to ambient pressure
Lungs over-expand and rupture
Lungs don't sense pain giving little warning
Lung Anatomy
Right Lobe
Superior Lobe
Middle Lobe
Inferior Lobe
Left Lobe
Two Lobes
Superior Lobe
Inferior Lobe
Primary Bronchus
Secondary Bronchus
Tertiary Bronchus
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles
0.5mm
1mm
Conducting Zone
pseudostratified columnar to simple cuboidal
cilia and globet cells become sparse
elastic fibers replace cartilage
Smooth muscle increases
bronchioles provide resistance to air passage
Respiratory Zone
Terminal Bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
site of gas exchange
clusters of alveoli
Gas Laws
Inspiration
gases flow into lungs
Expiration
gases exit lungs
Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure exerted by air around body
760Hgmm = 1atm
Patm
Zero = equal to Patm
Positive = more than Patm
Negative = less than Patm
Intrapulmonary Pressure
Pressure in alveoli
Fluctuates with breathing
equalizes with Patm
Intrapleural Pressure
pressure in pleural cavity
always a negative pressure
<Patm and <Ppul
Transpulmonary Pressure
Pressure that keeps air sacs spaces open
Greater the transpulmonary pressure = larger lungs
Collapse if Pip=Ppul or Pip = Patm
Inflammation
Asthma
Dyspnea
Wheezing
Coughing
Chest Tightness
Airway Inflammation
Immune Response
Thickened By Mucus
Preceded Bronchospasms
COPD
Chronic Bronchitis
inhaled irritants = chronic excessive mucus
lower respiratory mucus becomes inflammed
obstructed airways
impaired lung ventilation and gas exchange
frequent pulmonary infections
Emphysema
permanent enlargement of alveoli and destruction of alveolar walls
decreased lung elasticity
trapped air
hyperinflation
flattens diaphragm
reduces ventilation efficiency
damaged pulmonary capillaries
enlarged right ventricle
exhausted accessory muscles
Lung Cancer
Leading cause of death in NA
90% result from smoking
Treatment
If metastasis occurred
radiation and chemotherapy
If metastasis has not occurred
Surgery needed to remove dead tissue
Tuberculosis
Most never develop active form
immune system contains bacteria in fibrous nodules
People with weakened immune system
bacteria breaks out
cause symptomatic TB
Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
Respiratory Physiology
Respiratory Membrane
consists of alveolar and capillary walls
Simple squamous epithelium forms majority
Scattered cuboidal secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
allows gas exchange by simple diffusion
Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to alveolus where expired
Oxygen diffuses from alveolus into capillaries where RBCs oxygenated
Alveoli
Alveolar macrophages sterilize surface
surrounded by elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries
main site of gas exchnage